Gay Adoption Policy Analysis - 3047 Words

I. Delinieation and Overview of the Policy Under Analysis Social attitudes about family life have undergone profound changes in recent decades. While public acceptance of homosexuality remains a deeply decisive issue, adoption by gays and lesbians has become increasingly acceptable, with 46% of the national population favoring gay adoption. (Pew Research Center, 2006) In New York State, statutes developed to permit gays to adopt are among the most permissive in the nation. New York Adoption Code 18 NYCRR 421.16 (h)(2) (2004) states that applicants shall not be rejected solely on the basis of homosexuality, which expressly prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation when determining who may adopt. According to The†¦show more content†¦(Kahan, 2006) Notice to birthparents was not required, and it is estimated that approximately half the children transported to the west were not actually orphans. (Pfeffer, 2002) Brace was a missionary who wished to remove children of poor Catholic families, and place them in Protestant farming families. (Pfeffer, 2002) The orphan train placements served as a foster care system, without payment to the foster families, and were a cost effective way to manage poor children, in contrast to institutionalizing those who could not live at home. (Kahan, 2006) An outcry against Braces orphan trains in the early 1900s, led advocates of children to the other extreme, in which families were to be preserved at all costs. (Carp, 1998) Rather than split up families, child welfare reformers worked to prevent the factors which caused a family to break up. Reforms resulting from these movements included establishment of the U.S. Childrens Bureau in 1912, creation of juvenile courts, and enactment of Mothers pensions. It was around this time that social work become professionalized, as case workers were utilized in family preservation and prevention. Social workers denounced unregulated adoption, and lobbied for state licensing and supervision ofShow MoreRelatedAdoption With Same Sex Couples1162 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2017 Adoption with Same-sex Couples Adoption is when a child is removed from their home and are now under protection of another family. They can be related or unrelated to the child. It can be great for children, as they can live a better life than they would have had with their birth parents. The children may have endured abuse or neglect and need to get out of the situation, or the parents could have not thought that they were able to take care of the child. Either way, adoption is made toRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pages Same-Sex Marriages Same sex marriage, also known as gay marriage is the legal union between two people of the same gender. 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Recognition and legalization of same-sex marriage still falls within the minority rule amongst the states, but will soon be the majority. California , Delaware , Connecticut , Hawaii , Illinois , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Rhode Island , Vermont , Washington , Iowa , and Washington DRead MoreShould Gay Adoption Benefit Children? Essay2105 Words   |  9 PagesGay Adoption Benefits Children Every single child deserve the chance to be part of a caring, nurturing family. Whether the family has a single mother, single father, or two parents. There are many opportunities for individuals to become the legal guardian (or guardians) of a child. Those opportunities, however, are not as easily accessed for gay and lesbian prospective parents as they are for straight people, and many times, these opportunities are completely prohibited by state laws. Recently,Read MoreShould Gay Adoption Be Legal? Essay1982 Words   |  8 Pages Gay adoption is a very strong topic in today’s world. There are many pros and cons but I see it as an opportunity for children to be out of the government system and into homes. People in today’s world fear change. Its natural human reaction, it seems. If it didn’t work then it isn’t going to work now. Im not saying I agree with everything but I think there are some changes that need to be made. I think people can want children whether they are heterosexuals or homosexuals. With so manyRead MoreAs Times Are Modernizing The Ideology That One Must Be1369 Words   |  6 Pagesone must be what they were born as is no longer a necessity for the individual as before. Prior to 1999 there were very few H.R. transgender policies provided by US employers. 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The Twilight Saga 4 Breaking Dawn 25. Favor Free Essays

string(41) " to keep the little monster entertained\." It was only a little while later that Edward reminded me of my priorities. It took him just one word. â€Å"Renesmee†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I sighed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 25. Favor or any similar topic only for you Order Now She would be awake soon. It must be nearly seven in the morning. Would she be looking for me? Abruptly, something close to panic had my body freezing up. What would she look like today? Edward felt the total distraction of my stress. â€Å"It’s all right, love. Get dressed, and we’ll be back to the house in two seconds.† I probably looked like a cartoon, the way I sprung up, then looked back at him – his diamond body faintly glinting in the diffuse light – then away to the west, where Renesmee waited, then back at him again, then back toward her, my head whipping from side to side a half dozen times in a second. Edward smiled, but didn’t laugh; he was a strong man. â€Å"It’s all about balance, love. You’re so good at all of this, I don’t imagine it will take too long to put everything in perspective.† â€Å"And we have all night, right?† He smiled wider. â€Å"Do you think I could bear to let you get dressed now if that weren’t the case?† That would have to be enough to get me through the daylight hours. I would balance this overwhelming, devastating desire so that I could be a good – It was hard to think the word. Though Renesmee was very real and vital in my life, it was still difficult to think of myself as a mother. I supposed anyone would feel the same, though, without nine months to get used to the idea. And with a child that changed by the hour. The thought of Renesmee’s speeding life had me stressed-out again in an instant. I didn’t even pause at the ornately carved double doors to catch my breath before finding out what Alice had done. I just burst through, intent on wearing the first things I touched. I should have known it wouldn’t be that easy. â€Å"Which ones are mine?† I hissed. As promised, the room was bigger than our bedroom. It might have been bigger than the rest of the house put together, but I’d have to pace it off to be positive. I had a brief mental flash of Alice trying to persuade Esme to ignore classic proportions and allow this monstrosity. I wondered how Alice had won that one. Everything was wrapped in garment bags, pristine and white, row after row after row. â€Å"To the best of my knowledge, everything but this rack here† – he touched a bar that stretched along the half-wall to the left of the door – â€Å"is yours.† â€Å"All of this?† He shrugged. â€Å"Alice,† we said together. He said her name like an explanation; I said it like an expletive. â€Å"Fine,† I muttered, and I pulled down the zipper on the closest bag. I growled under my breath when I saw the floorlength silk gown inside – baby pink. Finding something normal to wear could take all day! â€Å"Let me help,† Edward offered. He sniffed carefully at the air and then followed some scent to the back of the long room. There was a built-in dresser there. He sniffed again, then opened a drawer. With a triumphant grin, he held out a pair of artfully faded blue jeans. I flitted to his side. â€Å"How did you do that?† â€Å"Denim has its own scent just like anything else. Now†¦ stretch cotton?† He followed his nose to a half-rack, unearthing a long-sleeved white t-shirt. He tossed it to me. â€Å"Thanks,† I said fervently. I inhaled each fabric, memorizing the scent for future searches through this madhouse. I remembered silk and satin; I would avoid those. It only took him seconds to find his own clothes – if I hadn’t seen him undressed, I would have sworn there was nothing more beautiful than Edward in his khakis and pale beige pullover – and then he took my hand. We darted through the hidden garden, leaped lightly over the stone wall, and hit the forest at a dead sprint. I pulled my hand free so that we could race back. He beat me this time. Renesmee was awake; she was sitting up on the floor with Rose and Emmett hovering over her, playing with a little pile of twisted silverware. She had a mangled spoon in her right hand. As soon as she spied me through the glass, she chucked the spoon on the floor – where it left a divot in the wood – and pointed in my direction imperiously. Her audience laughed; Alice, Jasper, Esme, and Carlisle were sitting on the couch, watching her as if she were the most engrossing film. I was through the door before their laughter had barely begun, bounding across the room and scooping her up from the floor in the same second. We smiled widely at each other. She was different, but not so much. A little longer again, her proportions drifting from babyish to childlike. Her hair was longer by a quarter inch, the curls bouncing like springs with every movement. I’d let my imagination run wild on the trip back, and I’d imagined worse than this. Thanks to my overdone fears, these little changes were almost a relief. Even without Carlisle’s measurements, I was sure the changes were slower than yesterday. Renesmee patted my cheek. I winced. She was hungry again. â€Å"How long has she been up?† I asked as Edward disappeared through the kitchen doorway. I was sure he was on his way to get her breakfast, having seen what she’d just thought as clearly as I had. I wondered if he would ever have noticed her little quirk, if he’d been the only one to know her. To him, it probably would have seemed like hearing anyone. â€Å"Just a few minutes,† Rose said. â€Å"We would have called you soon. She’s been asking for you – demandingmight be a better description. Esme sacrificed her second-best silver service to keep the little monster entertained. You read "The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 25. Favor" in category "Essay examples"† Rose smiled at Renesmee with so much gloating affection that the criticism was entirely weightless. â€Å"We didn’t want to†¦ er, bother you.† Rosalie bit her lip and looked away, trying not to laugh. I could feel Emmett’s silent laughter behind me, sending vibrations through the foundations of the house. I kept my chin high. â€Å"We’ll get your room set up right away,† I said to Renesmee. â€Å"You’ll like the cottage. It’s magic.† I look up at Esme. â€Å"Thank you, Esme. So much. It’s absolutely perfect.† Before Esme could respond, Emmett was laughing again – it wasn’t silent this time. â€Å"So it’s still standing?† he managed to get out between his snickers. â€Å"I would’ve thought you two had knocked it to rubble by now. What were you doing last night? Discussing the national debt?† He howled with laughter. I gritted my teeth and reminded myself of the negative consequences when I’d let my temper get away from me yesterday. Of course, Emmett wasn’t as breakable as Seth___ Thinking of Seth made me wonder. â€Å"Where’re the wolves today?† I glanced out the window wall, but there had been no sign of Leah on the way in. â€Å"Jacob took off this morning pretty early,† Rosalie told me, a little frown creasing her forehead. â€Å"Seth followed him out.† â€Å"What was he so upset about?† Edward asked as he came back into the room with Renesmee’s cup. There must have been more in Rosalie’s memory than I’d seen in her expression. Without breathing, I handed Renesmee off to Rosalie. Super-self-control, maybe, but there was no way I was going to be able to feed her. Not yet. â€Å"I don’t know – or care,† Rosalie grumbled, but she answered Edward’s question more fully. â€Å"He was watching Nessie sleep, his mouth hanging open like the moron he is, and then he just jumped to his feet without any kind of trigger – that I noticed, anyway – and stormed out. was glad to be rid of him. The more time he spends here, the less chance there is that we’ll ever get the smell out.† â€Å"Rose,† Esme chided gently. Rosalie flipped her hair. â€Å"I suppose it doesn’t matter. We won’t be here that much longer.† â€Å"I still say we should go straight to New Hampshire and get things set up,† Emmett said, obviously continuing an earlier conversation. â€Å"Bella’s already registered at Dartmouth. Doesn’t look like it will take her all that long to be able to handle school.† He turned to look at me with a teasing grin. Tm sure you’ll ace your classes†¦ apparently there’s nothing interesting for you to do at night besides study.† Rosalie giggled. Do not lose your temper, do not lose your temper,I chanted to myself. And then I was proud of myself for keeping my head. So I was pretty surprised that Edward didn’t. He growled – an abrupt, shocking rasp of sound – and the blackest fury rolled across his expression like storm clouds. Before any of us could respond, Alice was on her feet. â€Å"What is he doing? What is that dog doing that has erased my schedule for the entire day? I can’t see anything] No!† She shot me a tortured glance. â€Å"Look at you! You neec/meto show you how to use your closet.† For one second I was grateful for whatever Jacob was up to. And then Edward’s hands balled up into fists and he snarled, â€Å"He talked to Charlie. He thinks Charlie is following after him. Coming here. Today.† Alice said a word that sounded very odd in her trilling, ladylike voice, and then she blurred into motion, streaking out the backdoor. â€Å"He told Charlie?† I gasped. â€Å"But – doesn’t he understand? How could he do that?† Charlie couldn’t know about me! About vampires! That would put him on a hit list that even the Cullens couldn’t save him from. â€Å"No!† Edward spoke through his teeth. â€Å"Jacob’s on his way in now.† It must have started raining farther east. Jacob came through the door shaking his wet hair like a dog, flipping droplets on the carpet and the couch where they made little round gray spots on the white. His teeth glinted against his dark lips; his eyes were bright and excited. He walked with jerky movements, like he was all hyped-up about destroying my father’s life. â€Å"Hey, guys,† he greeted us, grinning. It was perfectly silent. Leah and Seth slipped in behind him, in their human forms – for now; both of their hands were trembling with the tension in the room. â€Å"Rose,† I said, holding my arms out. Wordlessly, Rosalie handed me Renesmee. I pressed her close to my motionless heart, holding her like a talisman against rash behavior. I would keep her in my arms until I was sure my decision to kill Jacob was based entirely on rational judgment rather than fury. She was very still, watching and listening. How much did she understand? â€Å"Charlie’ll be here soon,† Jacob said to me casually. â€Å"Just a heads-up. I assume Alice is getting you sunglasses or something?† â€Å"You assume way too much,† I spit through my teeth. â€Å"What. Have. You. Done?† Jacob’s smile wavered, but he was still too wound up to answer seriously. â€Å"Biondie and Emmett woke me up this morning going on and on about you all moving cross-country. Like I could let you leave. Charlie was the biggest issue there, right? Well, problem solved.’7 â€Å"Do you even realize what you’ve done? The danger you’ve put him in?† He snorted. â€Å"I didn’t put him in danger. Except from you. But you’ve got some kind of supernatural self-control, right? Not as good as mind reading, if you ask me. Much less exciting.† Edward moved then, darting across the room to get in Jacob’s face. Though he was half a head shorter than Jacob, Jacob leaned away from his staggering anger as if Edward towered over him. â€Å"That’s just a theory, mongrel,† he snarled. â€Å"You think we should test it out on Charlie? Did you consider the physical pain you’re putting Bella through, even if she can resist? Or the emotional pain if she doesn’t? I suppose what happens to Bella no longer concerns you!† He spit the last word. Renesmee pressed her fingers anxiously to my cheek, anxiety coloring the replay in her head. Edward’s words finally cut through Jacob’s strangely electric mood. His mouth dropped into a frown. â€Å"Bella will be in pain?† â€Å"Like you’ve shoved a white-hot branding iron down her throat!† I flinched, remembering the scent of pure human blood. â€Å"I didn’t know that,† Jacob whispered. â€Å"Then perhaps you should have asked first,† Edward growled back through his teeth. â€Å"You would have stopped me.† â€Å"You should have been stopped – â€Å" â€Å"This isn’t about me,† I interrupted. I stood very still, keeping my hold on Renesmee and sanity. â€Å"This is about Charlie, Jacob. How could you put him in danger this way? Do you realize it’s death or vampire life for him now, too?† My voice trembled with the tears my eyes could no longer shed. Jacob was still troubled by Edward’s accusations, but mine didn’t seem to bother him. â€Å"Relax, Bella. I didn’t tell him anything you weren’t planning to tell him.† â€Å"But he’s coming here!† â€Å"Yeah, that’s the idea. Wasn’t the whole let him make the wrong assumptions’ thing your plan? I think I provided a very nice red herring, if I do say so myself.† My fingers flexed away from Renesmee. I curled them back in securely. â€Å"Say it straight, Jacob. I don’t have the patience for this.† â€Å"I didn’t tell him anything about you, Bella. Not really. I told him about me. Well, show is probably a better verb.† â€Å"He phased in front of Charlie,† Edward hissed. I whispered, â€Å"You what?† â€Å"He’s brave. Brave as you are. Didn’t pass out or throw up or anything. I gotta say, I was impressed. You should’ve seen his face when I started taking my clothes off, though. Priceless,† Jacob chortled. â€Å"You absolute moronl You could have given him a heart attack!† â€Å"Charlie’s fine. He’s tough. If you’d give this just a minute, you’ll see that I did you a favor here.† â€Å"You have half of that, Jacob.† My voice was flat and steely. â€Å"You have thirty seconds to tell me every single word before I give Renesmee to Rosalie and rip your miserable head off. Seth won’t be able to stop me this time.† â€Å"Jeez, Bells. You didn’t used to be so melodramatic. Is that a vampire thing?† â€Å"Twenty-six seconds.† Jacob rolled his eyes and flopped into the nearest chair. His little pack moved to stand on his flanks, not at all relaxed the way he seemed to be; Leah’s eyes were on me, her teeth slightly bared. â€Å"So I knocked on Charlie’s door this morning and asked him to come for a walk with me. He was confused, but when I told him it was about you and that you were back in town, he followed me out to the woods. I told him you weren’t sick anymore, and that things were a little weird, but good. He was about to take off to see you, but I told him I had to show him something first. And then I phased.† Jacob shrugged. My teeth felt like a vise was pushing them together. â€Å"I want every word, you monster.† â€Å"Well, you said I only had thirty seconds – okay, okay.† My expression must have convinced him that I wasn’t in the mood for teasing. â€Å"Lemme see†¦ I phased back and got dressed, and then after he started breathing again, I said something like, ‘Charlie, you don’t live in the world you thought you lived in. The good news is, nothing has changed – except that now you know. Life’ll go on the same way it always has. You can go right back to pretending that you don’t believe any of this.’ â€Å"It took him a minute to get his head together, and then he wanted to know what was really going on with you, with the whole rare-disease thing. I told him that you had been sick, but you were fine now – it was just that you’d had to change a little bit in the process of getting better. He wanted to know what I meant by ‘change,’ and I told him that you looked a lot more like Esme now than you looked like Renee.† Edward hissed while I stared in horror; this was headed in a dangerous direction. â€Å"After a few minutes, he asked, real quietly, if you turned into an animal, too. And I said, ‘She wishes she was that cool!'† Jacob chuckled. Rosalie made a noise of disgust. â€Å"I started to tell him more about werewolves, but I didn’t even get the whole word out – Charlie cut me off and said he’d ‘rather not know the specifics.’ Then he asked if you’d known what you were getting yourself into when you married Edward, and I said, ‘Sure, she’s known all about this for years, since she first came to Forks.’ He didn’t like that very much. I let him rant till he got it out of his system. After he got calmed down, he just wanted two things. He wanted to see you, and I said it would be better if he gave me a head start to explain.† I inhaled deeply. â€Å"What was the other thing he wanted?† Jacob smiled. â€Å"You’ll like this. His main request is that he be told as little as possible about all of this. If it’s not absolutely essential for him to know something, then keep it to yourself. Need to know, only.† I felt relief for the first time since Jacob had walked in. â€Å"I can handle that part.† â€Å"Other than that, he’d just like to pretend things are normal.† Jacob’s smile turned smug; he must suspect that I would be starting to feel the first faint stirrings of gratitude about now. â€Å"What did you tell him about Renesmee?† I struggled to maintain the razor edge in my voice, fighting the reluctant appreciation. It was premature. There was still so much wrong with this situation. Even if Jacob’s intervention had brought out a better reaction in Charlie than I’d ever hoped for†¦ â€Å"Oh yeah. So I told him that you and Edward had inherited a new little mouth to feed.† He glanced at Edward. â€Å"She’s your orphaned ward – like Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson.† Jacob snorted. â€Å"I didn’t think you’d mind me lying. That’s all part of the game, right?† Edward didn’t respond in any way, so Jacob went on. â€Å"Charlie was way past being shocked at this point, but he did ask if you were adopting her. ‘Like a daughter? Like I’m sort of a grandfather?’ were his exact words. I told him yes. ‘Congrats, Gramps, and all of that. He even smiled a little.† The stinging returned to my eyes, but not out of fear or anguish this time. Charlie was smiling at the idea of being a grandpa? Charlie would meet Renesmee? â€Å"But she’s changing so fast,† I whispered. â€Å"I told him that she was more special than all of us put together,† Jacob said in a soft voice. He stood and walked right up to me, waving Leah and Seth off when they started to follow. Renesmee reached out to him, but I hugged her more tightly to me. â€Å"I told him, Trust me, you don’t want to know about this. But if you can ignore all the strange parts, you’re going to be amazed. She’s the most wonderful person in the whole world.’ And then I told him that if he could deal with that, you all would stick around for a while and he would have a chance to get to know her. But that if it was too much for him, you would leave. He said as long as no one forced too much information on him, he’d deal.† Jacob stared at me with half a smile, waiting. â€Å"I’m not going to say thank you,† I told him. â€Å"You’re still putting Charlie at a huge risk.† â€Å"I am sorry about it hurting you. I didn’t know it was like that. Bella, things are different with us now, but you’ll always be my best friend, and I’ll always love you. But I’ll love you the right way now. There’s finally a balance. We both have people we can’t live without.† He smiled his very most Jacob-y smile. â€Å"Still friends?† Try as hard as I could to resist, I had to smile back. Just a tiny smile. He held out his hand: an offer. I took a deep breath and shifted Renesmee’s weight to one arm. I put my left hand in his – he didn’t even flinch at the feel of my cool skin. â€Å"If I don’t kill Charlie tonight, I’ll consider forgiving you for this.† â€Å"Whenyou don’t kill Charlie tonight, you’ll owe me huge.† I rolled my eyes. He held out his other hand toward Renesmee, a request this time. â€Å"Can I?† â€Å"I’m actually holding her so that my hands aren’t free to kill you, Jacob. Maybe later.† He sighed but didn’t push me on it. Wise of him. Alice raced back through the door then, her hands full and her expression promising violence. â€Å"You, you, and you,† she snapped, glaring at the werewolves. â€Å"If you must stay, get over in the corner and commit to being there for a while. I need to see. Bella, you’d better give him the baby, too. You’ll need your arms free, anyway.† Jacob grinned in triumph. Undiluted fear ripped through my stomach as the enormity of what I was about to do hit me. I was going to gamble on my iffy self-control with my pure human father as the guinea pig. Edward’s earlier words crashed in my ears again. Did you consider the physical pain you’re putting Bella through, even if she can resist? Or the emotional pain if she doesn’t? I couldn’t imagine the pain of failure. My breathing turned to gasps. â€Å"Take her,† I whispered, sliding Renesmee into Jacob’s arms. He nodded, concern wrinkling his forehead. He gestured to the others, and they all went to the far corner of the room. Seth and Jake slouched on the floor at once, but Leah shook her head and pursed her lips. â€Å"Am I allowed to leave?† she griped. She looked uncomfortable in her human body, wearing the same dirty t-shirt and cotton shorts she’d worn to shriek at me the other day, her short hair sticking up in irregular tufts. Her hands were still shaking. â€Å"Of course,† Jake said. â€Å"Stay east so you don’t cross Charlie’s path,† Alice added. Leah didn’t look at Alice; she ducked out the back door and stomped into the bushes to phase. Edward was back at my side, stroking my face. â€Å"You can do this. I know you can. Ill help you; we all will.† I met Edward’s eyes with panic screaming from my face. Was he strong enough to stop me if I made a wrong move? â€Å"If I didn’t believe you could handle it, we’d disappear today. This very minute. But you can. And you’ll be happier if you can have Charlie in your life.† I tried to slow my breathing. Alice held out her hand. There was a small white box on her palm. â€Å"These will irritate your eyes – they won’t hurt, but they’ll cloud your vision. It’s annoying. They also won’t match your old color, but it’s still better than bright red, right?† She flipped the contact box into the air and I caught it. â€Å"When did you – â€Å" â€Å"Before you left on the honeymoon. I was prepared for several possible futures.† I nodded and opened the container. I’d never worn contacts before, but it couldn’t be that hard. I took the little brown quarter-sphere and pressed it, concave side in, to my eye. I blinked, and a film interrupted my sight. I could see through it, of course, but I could also see the texture of the thin screen. My eye kept focusing on the microscopic scratches and warped sections. â€Å"I see what you mean,† I murmured as I stuck the other one in. I tried to not blink this time. My eye automatically wanted to dislodge the obstruction. â€Å"How do I look?† Edward smiled. â€Å"Gorgeous. Of course – â€Å" â€Å"Yes, yes, she always looks gorgeous,† Alice finished his thought impatiently. â€Å"It’s better than red, but that’s the highest commendation I can give. Muddy brown. Your brown was much prettier. Keep in mind that those won’t last forever – the venom in your eyes will dissolve them in a few hours. So if Charlie stays longer than that, you’ll have to excuse yourself to replace them. Which is a good idea anyway, because humans need bathroom breaks.† She shook her head. â€Å"Esme, give her a few pointers on acting human while I stock the powder room with contacts.† â€Å"How long do I have?† â€Å"Charlie will be here in five minutes. Keep it simple.† Esme nodded once and came to take my hand. â€Å"The main thing is not to sit too still or move too fast,† she told me. â€Å"Sit down if he does,† Emmett interjected. â€Å"Humans don’t like to just stand there.† â€Å"Let your eyes wander every thirty seconds or so,† Jasper added. â€Å"Humans don’t stare at one thing for too long.† â€Å"Cross your legs for about five minutes, then switch to crossing your ankles for the next five,† Rosalie said. I nodded once at each suggestion. I’d noticed them doing some of these things yesterday. I thought I could mimic their actions. â€Å"And blink at least three times a minute,† Emmett said. He frowned, then darted to where the television remote sat on the end table. He flipped the TV on to a college football game and nodded to himself. â€Å"Move your hands, too. Brush your hair back or pretend to scratch something,† Jasper said. â€Å"I said Esme† Alice complained as she returned. â€Å"You’ll overwhelm her.† â€Å"No, I think I got it all,† I said. â€Å"Sit, look around, blink, fidget.† â€Å"Right,† Esme approved. She hugged my shoulders. Jasper frowned. â€Å"You’ll be holding your breath as much as possible, but you need to move your shoulders a little to make it /oo/clike you’re breathing.† I inhaled once and then nodded again. Edward hugged me on my free side. â€Å"You can do this,† he repeated, murmuring the encouragement in my ear. â€Å"Two minutes,† Alice said. â€Å"Maybe you should start out already on the couch. You’ve been sick, after all. That way he won’t have to see you move right at first.† Alice pulled me to the sofa. I tried to move slowly, to make my limbs more clumsy. She rolled her eyes, so I must not have been doing a good job. â€Å"Jacob, I need Renesmee,† I said. Jacob frowned, unmoving. Alice shook her head. â€Å"Bella, that doesn’t help me see.† â€Å"But I need her. She keeps me calm.’7The edge of panic in my voice was unmistakable. â€Å"Fine,† Alice groaned. â€Å"Hold her as still as you can and I’ll try to see around her.† She sighed wearily, like she’d been asked to work overtime on a holiday. Jacob sighed, too, but brought Renesmee to me, and then retreated quickly from Alice’s glare. Edward took a seat beside me and put his arms around Renesmee and me. He leaned forward and looked Renesmee very seriously in the eyes. â€Å"Renesmee, someone special is coming to see you and your mother,† he said in a solemn voice, as if he expected her to understand every word. Did she? She looked back at him with clear, grave eyes. â€Å"But he’s not like us, or even like Jacob. We have to be very careful with him. You shouldn’t tell him things the way you tell us.† Renesmee touched his face. â€Å"Exactly,† he said. â€Å"And he’s going to make you thirsty. But you mustn’t bite him. He won’t heal like Jacob.† â€Å"Can she understand you?† I whispered. â€Å"She understands. You’ll be careful, won’t you, Renesmee? You’ll help us?† Renesmee touched him again. â€Å"No, I don’t care if you bite Jacob. That’s fine.† Jacob chuckled. â€Å"Maybe you should leave, Jacob,† Edward said coldly, glaring in his direction. Edward hadn’t forgiven Jacob, because he knew that no matter what happened now, I was going to be hurting. But I’d take the burn happily if that were the worst thing I’d face tonight. â€Å"I told Charlie I’d be here,† Jacob said. â€Å"He needs the moral support.† â€Å"Moral support,† Edward scoffed. â€Å"As far as Charlie knows, you’re the most repulsive monster of us all.† â€Å"Repulsive?† Jake protested, and then he laughed quietly to himself. I heard the tires turn off the highway onto the quiet, damp earth of the Cullens’ drive, and my breathing spiked again. My heart ought to have been hammering. It made me anxious that my body didn’t have the right reactions. I concentrated on the steady thrumming of Renesmee’s heart to calm myself. It worked pretty quickly. â€Å"Well done, Bella,† Jasper whispered in approval. Edward tightened his arm over my shoulders. â€Å"You’re sure?† I asked him. â€Å"Positive. You can do anything† He smiled and kissed me. It wasn’t precisely a peck on the lips, and my wild vampiric reactions took me off guard yet again. Edward’s lips were like a shot of some addictive chemical straight into my nervous system. I was instantly craving more. It took all my concentration to remember the baby in my arms. Jasper felt my mood change. â€Å"Er, Edward, you might not want to distract her like that right now. She needs to be able to focus.† Edward pulled away. â€Å"Oops,† he said. I laughed. That had been my line from the very beginning, from the very first kiss. â€Å"Later,† I said, and anticipation curled my stomach into a ball. â€Å"Focus, Bella,† Jasper urged. â€Å"Right.† i pushed the trembly feelings away. Charlie, that was the main thing now. Keep Charlie safe today. We would have all night___ â€Å"Bella.† â€Å"Sorry, Jasper.† Emmett laughed. The sound of Charlie’s cruiser got closer and closer. The second of levity passed, and everyone was still. I crossed my legs and practiced my blinks. The car pulled in front of the house and idled for a few seconds. I wondered if Charlie was as nervous as I was. Then the engine cut off, and a door slammed. Three steps across the grass, and then eight echoing thuds against the wooden stairs. Four more echoing footsteps across the porch. Then silence. Charlie took two deep breaths. Knock, knock, knock. I inhaled for what might be the last time. Renesmee nestled deeper into my arms, hiding her face in my hair. Carlisle answered the door. His stressed expression changed to one of welcome, like switching the channel on the TV. â€Å"Hello, Charlie,† he said, looking appropriately abashed. After all, we were supposed to be in Atlanta at the Center for Disease Control. Charlie knew he’d been lied to. â€Å"Carlisle,† Charlie greeted him stiffly. â€Å"Where’s Bella?† â€Å"Right here, Dad.† Ugh! My voice was so wrong. Plus, I’d used up some of my air supply. I gulped in a quick refill, glad that Charlie’s scent had not saturated the room yet. Charlie’s blank expression told me how off my voice was. His eyes zeroed in on me and widened. I read the emotions as they scrolled across his face. Shock. Disbelief. Pain. Loss. Fear. Anger. Suspicion. More pain. I bit my lip. It felt funny. My new teeth were sharper against my granite skin than my human teeth had been against my soft human lips. â€Å"Is that you, Bella?† he whispered. â€Å"Yep.† I winced at my wind-chime voice. â€Å"Hi, Dad.† He took a deep breath to steady himself. â€Å"Hey, Charlie,† Jacob greeted him from the corner. â€Å"How’re things?† Charlie glowered at Jacob once, shuddered at a memory, and then stared at me again. Slowly, Charlie walked across the room until he was a few feet away from me. He darted an accusing glare at Edward, and then his eyes flickered back to me. The warmth of his body heat beat against me with each pulse of his heart. â€Å"Bella?† heasked again. I spoke in a lower voice, trying to keep the ring out of it.†It’s really me.† His jaw locked. â€Å"I’m sorry, Dad,† I said. â€Å"Are you okay?† he demanded. â€Å"Really and truly great,† I promised. â€Å"Healthy as a horse.† That was it for my oxygen. â€Å"Jake told me this was†¦ necessary. That you were dying.† He said the words like he didn’t believe them one bit. I steeled myself, focused on Renesmee’s warm weight, leaned into Edward for support, and took a deep breath. Charlie’s scent was a fistful of flames, punching straight down my throat. But it was so much more than pain. It was a hot stabbing of desire, too. Charlie smelled more delicious than anything I’d ever imagined. As appealing as the anonymous hikers had been on the hunt, Charlie was doubly tempting. And he was just a few feet away, leaking mouthwatering heat and moisture into the dry air. But I wasn’t hunting now. And this was my father. Edward squeezed my shoulders sympathetically, and Jacob shot an apologetic glance at me across the room. I tried to collect myself and ignore the pain and longing of the thirst. Charlie was waiting for my answer. â€Å"Jacob was telling you the truth.† â€Å"That makes one of you,† Charlie growled. I hoped Charlie could see past the changes in my new face to read the remorse there. Under my hair, Renesmee sniffed as Charlie’s scent registered with her, too. I tightened my grip on her. Charlie saw my anxious glance down and followed it. â€Å"Oh,† he said, and all the anger fell off his face, leaving only shock behind. â€Å"This is her. The orphan Jacob said you’re adopting.† â€Å"My niece,† Edward lied smoothly. He must have decided that the resemblance between Renesmee and him was too pronounced to be ignored. Best to claim they were related from the beginning. â€Å"I thought you’d lost your family,† Charlie said, accusation returning to his voice. â€Å"I lost my parents. My older brother was adopted, like me. I never saw him after that. But the courts located me when he and his wife died in a car accident, leaving their only child without any other family.† Edward was so good at this. His voice was even, with just the right amount of innocence. I needed practice so that I could do that. Renesmee peeked out from under my hair, sniffing again. She glanced shyly at Charlie from under her long lashes, then hid again. â€Å"She’s†¦ she’s,well, she’s a beauty.† â€Å"Yes,† Edward agreed. â€Å"Kind of a big responsibility, though. You two are just getting started.† â€Å"What else could we do?† Edward brushed his fingers lightly over her cheek. I saw him touch her lips for just a moment – a reminder. â€Å"Would you have refused her?† â€Å"Hmph. Well.† Heshook his head absently. â€Å"Jake says you call her Nessie?† â€Å"No, we don’t,† I said, my voice too sharp and piercing. â€Å"Her name is Renesmee.† Charlie refocused on me. â€Å"How do you feel about this? Maybe Carlisle and Esme could – â€Å" â€Å"She’s mine,† I interrupted. â€Å"I want her.† Charlie frowned. â€Å"You gonna make me a grandpa so young?† Edward smiled. â€Å"Carlisle is a grandfather, too.† Charlie shot an incredulous glance at Carlisle, still standing by the front door; he looked like Zeus’s younger, better-looking brother. Charlie snorted and then laughed. â€Å"I guess that does sort of make me feel better.†His eyes strayed back to Renesmee. â€Å"She sure is something to look at.† His warm breath blew lightly across the space between us. Renesmee leaned toward the smell, shaking off my hair and looking him full in the face for the first time. Charlie gasped. I knew what he was seeing. My eyes – his eyes – copied exactly into her perfect face. Charlie started hyperventilating. His lips trembled, and I could read the numbers he mouthed. He was counting backward, trying to fit nine months into one. Trying to put it together but not able to force the evidence right in front of him to make any sense. Jacob got up and came over to pat Charlie on the back. He leaned in to whisper something in Charlie’s ear; only Charlie didn’t know we could all hear. â€Å"Need to know, Charlie. It’s okay. I promise.† Charlie swallowed and nodded. And then his eyes blazed as he took a step closer to Edward with his fists tightly clenched. â€Å"I don’t want to know everything, but I’m done with the lies!† â€Å"I’m sorry,† Edward said calmly, â€Å"but you need to know the public story more than you need to know the truth. If you’re going to be part of this secret, the public story is the one that counts. It’s to protect Bella and Renesmee as well as the rest of us. Can you go along with the lies for them?† The room wasfull of statues. I crossed my ankles. Charlie huffed once and then turned his glare on me. â€Å"You might’ve given me some warning, kid.† â€Å"Would it really have made this any easier?† He frowned, and then he knelt on the floor in front of me. I could see the movement of the blood in his neck under his skin. I could feel the warm vibration of it. So could Renesmee. She smiled and reached one pink palm out to him. I held her back. She pushed her other hand against my neck, thirst, curiosity, and Charlie’s face in her thoughts. There was a subtle edge to the message that made me think that she’d understood Edward’s words perfectly; she acknowledged thirst, but overrode it in the same thought. â€Å"Whoa,† Charlie gasped, his eyes on her perfect teeth. â€Å"How old is she?† â€Å"Urn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Three months,† Edward said, and then added slowly, â€Å"rather, she’s the size of a three-month-old, more or less. She’s younger in some ways, more mature in others.† Very deliberately, Renesmee waved at him. Charlie blinked spastically. Jacob elbowed him. â€Å"Told you she was special, didn’t I?† Charlie cringed away from the contact. â€Å"Oh, c’mon, Charlie,† Jacob groaned. â€Å"I’m the same person I’ve always been. Just pretend this afternoon didn’t happen.† The reminder made Charlie’s lips go white, but he nodded once. â€Å"Just what is your part in all this, Jake?† he asked. â€Å"How much does Billy know? Why are you here?† He looked at Jacob’s face, which was glowing as he stared at Renesmee. â€Å"Well, I could tell you all about it – Billy knows absolutely everything – but it involves a lot of stuff about werewo – â€Å" â€Å"Ungh!† Charlie protested, covering his ears. â€Å"Never mind.† Jacob grinned. â€Å"Everything’s going to be great, Charlie. Just try to not believe anything you see.† My dad mumbled something unintelligible. â€Å"Woo!† Emmett suddenly boomed in his deep bass. â€Å"Go Gators!† Jacob and Charlie jumped. The rest of us froze. Charlie recovered, then looked at Emmett over his shoulder. â€Å"Florida winning?† â€Å"Just scored the first touchdown,† Emmett confirmed. He shot a look in my direction, wagging his eyebrows like a villain in vaudeville. â€Å"‘Bout time somebody scored around here.† I fought back a hiss. In front of Charlie? That was over the line. But Charlie was beyond noticing innuendos. He took yet another deep breath, sucking the air in like he was trying to pull it down to his toes. I envied him. He lurched to his feet, stepped around Jacob, and half-fell into an open chair. â€Å"Well,† he sighed, â€Å"I guess we should see if they can hold on to the lead.† How to cite The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 25. Favor, Essay examples

Nestle Milo The Malted Chocolate Powder and Drink Free Solution

Question: Write essay on "Milo, a Chocolate and Malt Powder". Answer: 1.Product overview Milo, a chocolate and malt powder that is mixed with either hot or cold water or milk to produce a beverage is popular in many parts of the world and is one of the many products produced by Nestle Company. Milo was developed by an Australian industrial chemist and inventor, Thomas Mayne and launched at the Sydney Royal Easter Show in the year 1934.The product was named after a famous ancient athlete known as Milo of croton after his legendary strength since milo was a product meant to boost a consumers energy levels. The manufacture of milo is a continuous process that takes like an hour and it involves the evaporation of the water content from thick syrup that is normally obtained from malted barley or wheat at reduced pressure. The varying sized chunks of soft solid, from fist size to fine powder, fall from the last conveyer into an airlock. The solid is then introduced into a hammer mill where it is broken up into the final final granular form. The granular powder is then packaged into green cans as green is the colour scheme of milo. Milo can be consumed in a number of ways including; adding the milo to hot or cold water and/or to milk to make a malted chocolate beverage and since it does not readily dissolve in cold milk, it retains the gritty texture of its raw state. It can also be microwaved for about 40 to 60 seconds giving it a biscuity cover on top. Milo can also be stirred into steamed milk to make a drink like hot cocoa or chocolate .Other uses include sprinkling it on breakfast cereals and ice cream as well. Milo manufactured outside Australia is customised for local methods of preparation. In Singapore, there is also iced milo which is available even in fast food restaurants. The availability of several milo products make it even more attractive to consumers. Milo products include the following: Milo powder Milo ready to drink Milo chocolate bars and wafers Milo Protomalt; etc. 2.Advertising Strategies Swiss food Giant Nestle is the worlds largest food company producing over 100 products with milo being the most loved product of Nestle in Singapore due its nutritional value. With the concept of more malt as well as more milk, it has become a household name due to its energy provision role. In the early post-war days, advertisements for milo majorly focused and pointed out all kinds of health benefits that it provided such as; general health and energy, improved immune system, increased stamina and strength and even enhancement of a good nights sleep. However, after Singapores independence, the market strategy for Milo majorly focussed on sports events. Milo has long been marketed as the official drink of the SEA games. The current advertising strategies being used in Singapore by Nestle to promote the product and increase sales include the following: Product development Nestle understands the importance of production of quality products to meet the expectations of its consumers and as such is vigilant in continuous research and innovations to enhance the quality of milo. Nestle opened a new extension to its R D centre in Singapore that employs people who specialize in fields such as analytical chemistry, microbiology and sensory science that is responsible for the development of beverage and culinary products with great taste and balanced nutrition leading to the continuous improvement of milo products thereby making these products even more appealing to consumers. This strategy goes a long way in maintaining and sustaining their market in the competitive business environment against competitors such as Cadbury Schweppes Limited and other cocoa related products. Product Branding Branding refers to a collection of attributes that the consumer has come to expect from a product which greatly influences their purchasing power. In a market where profitability is highly dependent on repeat purchase, branding is an important factor in determining the success of that product. In the case of Milo, the product is recognized by its colour scheme which is green. When people see green cans or products packaged in green, they mostly associate it to milo. Milo is quite a strong brand even in Singapore. A brand name promises consumers certain benefits such as value for money as well as quality. Branding is a form of advertisement strategy in itself because it takes quite a number of years to gain consumers trust and approval of a certain product. Once this trust has been developed, sales of the product are assured as consumers are willing to buy that commodity due to the continued belief in that brand to keep on producing quality products and needless to say, milo is such a trusted brand in many parts of the world including Singapore and this explains the why Milo performs relatively well in sales. Product packaging Another common strategy/ tool that is usually used in promotion of products is product packaging. The packaging of a product says a lot about a product and at times it usually determines the level of sales by a certain margin. A product that is well packaged is mostly preferred over poorly packaged products. Initially, milo was packaged in green cans bearing only the brands name and obviously was not so attractive. However, with the growing need to increase sales and also improve the brand, milo has continuously made changes to its packaging. More information has been added to the packaging as well as provision of useful information about disposal and recycling. Milo has gone an extra mile in making the packaging more appealing to its consumers by adding pictures of prominent athletes. People of South east Asia are particularly fanatics of various kind of sports such as table tennis and running and are often featured on milo tins. Also since the major market target audience for milo is children, Nestle milo in Singapore has made sure to make the packaging as attractive as possible so as to attract children and parents with also increased nutritional information being added on the packaging. Advertising Advertising is a form of promotional strategy that refers to any paid kind of product information that is delivered to potential consumers in a non-personal way. Nestle uses a various types of advertising media to promote milo as discussed below: a) Internet In the current world, the internet is a very important tool for advertising any kind of business as very many people obtain information from the internet. All businesses should actually take advantage of this tool to market and let the world know about their business. With increased computer literacy in many countries of the world, it sure is an effective way marketing a business. Nestle has not been left behind in this revolution since they own a websiteas well as a website for each of their products in a bid to provide consumers with all the information that they need about their products. For milo, the website is.With just a click of a mouse or using a smartphone, any Singapore native can log onto this website to get all the information that they need about the product. b) Television Perhaps the television is the most mainstream method of passing information to a large number of people but still a very effective method of advertising. Thousands of companies pay media houses to have adverts about their products be aired on television and Nestle company is no different as it has had an advert produced showing a boy and a girl becoming more energetic after consuming some milo. This strategy is to reach as many consumers as possible especially children and parents as a method of persuading them to buy this product. I n this time and age, television sets are relatively cheap thus accessible to many people and therefore this is quite an effective way of advertising the product c) Outdoor media Nestle, Milo sponsors almost all types of sports events and even collaborates with the Ministry of Sports and youth to organise national as well as international sport events. During these events, free milo drinks are usually handed out. This is a good marketing strategy as it gives children and their parents if present, an opportunity to taste the milo products and give them a free feel of the quality, taste and nutritional value so that the next time they are in a store or supermarket, they can pick up milo products owing to the simple fact that they actually tasted it during the sporting events and thus a good strategy to establish a remarkable relationship between the product and consumers. d) Print media This is another advertising method used by milo to promote the product. The target audience being majorly children, the company often places milo adverts in children magazines. Also adverts are placed on the sports columns of popular people. Milos niche strategy Milo continues to hold its competitive edge over other competitors due to its niche strategy. This is a winning strategy for milo because it is the only company that solely focuses on promotion of sport activities and the overall health improvement of children and youth. Through excellent campaign strategies, milo has been able to persuade parents, children, and youths of the importance of engaging in sport activities since sports help in the physical development of the body as well as the brain. Milo is also responsible for the sponsorship sport events in many countries. T-shirts with the milo logos are given out during this milo sponsored games as well as other milo goodies which go a long way to make it a preferred choice for many young consumers. With its promise of increased energy levels to its users, it has become the preferred choice of product for energy needs during physically engaging needs among many people. This strategy is also being used currently in Singapore and it i s an effective strategy since the brand not only seeks to cater for the nutritional values of its consumers but also is great motivator to children and youth giving them hope of being champions. It caters not only for the nutritional aspects of its consumers but also the overall well-being of the consumer that is physical and also mind development which makes it a special brand even amidst competition from some upcoming and also strong competitors. The niche strategy is therefore a relevant marketing tool as it has been successful and continues to be successful. 3. Recommendations Check on pricing: pricing is an important determinant in the sales performance of any product. Milo has always been considerate to the consumers when it comes to pricing. However, milo is still not affordable to some middle class and lower class people. They should look for ways of cutting down on production costs without compromising the quality of the product so that it can be more affordable and accessible to more people. This is a good marketing strategy because more affordable prices mean more sales. Embrace the use of social media: In as much as milo has websites in place, the use of social media has not yet been utilized. Social media provides a platform of interaction and reaching huge numbers of people. Given the fact that the major target audience for this product is children from around 6-13 years as well as youths, social media would be a really useful tool in marketing of the product since majority of children and youths have access to social media. This would be a great platform for informing them of any developments concerning the product like for instance addition of a product to the product line. Social media also provide a great platform for getting media. With sites such as Facebook, twitter, and Instagram, the world has been made easier as people can share their concerns about the product as well as compliment and give credit where due and so it would help the company to know the areas to improve on regarding the product as well as customer service. On advertising: In spite of using the above mentioned advertising strategies, Nestle, milo Singapore should embrace new and innovative methods of marketing the product. Apart from using the mainstream channels only such as television, print media and outdoor media, they should set aside some money to be used in fun and innovative advertising such as putting up of billboards all over the city. Billboards ae quite attractive and due to the gigantic nature, hard to miss and as such can be seen by everyone with ease hence a very effective way of advertising a product. On product branding: Although milo has proved to be quite a remarkable brand, Nestle Company should always come up with new ideas of improving the brand so that it can continue being attractive to consumers as it has always been or better yet become much better. In such kind of businesses branding is everything and in order to be always ahead of the competition, improvement of the brand is vital and the company should not cease providing quality products to the people of Singapore. Consumer satisfaction should be the driving force towards better branding, a move that will ensure customer loyalty. On product development: Milo has the potential of developing its products further as well as adding to its product line. With competitors springing up all over and coming up with new products, Milo is facing greater competition than ever and the future is bound to be even more competitive. The only way to beat competition is to always be ahead and so Milo should be add to its product line in order to have an edge over the other competitors and to also always have a variety of new products to be sampled by its consumers, something that would be highly appreciated by the consumers. 4. Conclusion In coclusion,Milo is a highly loved and appreciated product in Singapore due to its high quality and product range as well as its availability in different sizes with different prices so as to cater for as many peoples needs as possible but there is always room for improvement. Key points: Milo is a chocolate and milk powder that is used to make beverages and has a high nutritional value consisting of vitamins, carbohydrates, energy among others There are several marketing and advertising strategies that are used to promote the product in Singapore such as product branding, pricing, packaging use of television, print media, outdoor media among others The most effective and dominant strategy used is the niche strategy where milos target is children and the youth Milos colour scheme is green and this is what makes the brand recognizable to consumers Milo has the potential to improve its brand and set itself ahead of the competition References William Gervase Clarence-Smith (2000) Cocoa/and chocolate,1765-1954.London Rutledge Nestle.com (2010).Nestle. Annual report 2010.Good food good life.

Proof of Alcohol Lab Report Sample

Proof of Alcohol Lab Report Paper Proof of the Alcohol Solution: (Percent of Alcohol Based on Volume) (2) = Proof of the Alcohol Solution = (17. 6 96) (2) = 35. 2 Conclusion The experiment was very successful. The experiment went exactly as planned in all three parts. In part I and II of the lab, density of ethanol and water was calculated. The density of water was . 907 g/ml and the density of ethanol was . 724 g/ml. Since the density of ethanol is less than the density of water, it could be predicted that the ethanol would float on top of the water solution when chemically separated. For part Ill of the experiment, ethanol was mixed with an known water solution. Ethanol is miscible with water so Nasal, ethyl ether, and sodium acetate were added to chemically separate the alcohol from the rest of the unknown solution. The divided solution was then put into a separators funnel, and the water part of the solution was drained. This can be done because the ethanol is a clear color and the water was yellowish. The ethanol having a lower density, floated on top of the yellow water layer, so there was a clear line where the two divided. The water layer was drained from the solution leaving just the ethanol in the separators funnel. Using the drained water layer al of the calculations above could be made. We will write a custom essay sample on Proof of Alcohol Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Proof of Alcohol Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Proof of Alcohol Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Errors were definitely made in this lab. The measurements of density and water were off. The known density of water is 1. 00 g/ml not . 907 g/ml and the known density of ethanol is . 789 g/ ml not . 724 g/ml. These errors were made because the mass scale was not calibrated or because a slight error was made reading the volume. It is also likely that an error was made when draining the water layer. It is impossible to tell exactly where the solution switches from water to ethanol, so some ethanol probably got drained with the water layer. This would slightly change the volume ND mass of the water layer. However, these mistakes were expected to happen and the lab was still very successful. Every step of the lab went as expected, and even if the numbers are a little incorrect they are very close to what they should be. Questions Using the mass percent of my experiment, 30. 4 %, the theoretical density of my solution would be 0. 940 g/ml. The density of the unknown that was calculated based on volume and mass was 0. 9326 g/ml. To find the percent error, subtract the theoretical density from the actual density, divide by the theoretical density, and the multiply the entire thing by 100.

Environmental lapse rate Essay Example

Environmental lapse rate Essay Example Environmental lapse rate Paper Environmental lapse rate Paper The temperature measured at the ground is 15. Assuming that the air parcel moves adiabatically through the atmosphere, what will be its temperature at each pressure level up to and including 500 hap? Assume ground level is equivalent to 1000 hap) (4 marks). Height (hap)Temperature 500 -35 600 -25 700 -15 800 -5 900 5 1000 15 If the parcel is then forced down to a height of 3000 m, what will its temperature be? (2 marks). If a parcel is then forced down a height of mm, its temperature will be -1 ICC as mm is papa. This is due to the fact that the atmospheric pressure at mm is papa. Temperature decreases along the DALE because the air parcel expands. This is due to fact that pressure decreases within the atmosphere. Re-calculate parts (1) and (2) but this time assume that air parcel is saturated (6 marks). Height (hap) Temperature 500 -15 600 -9 700 -3 800 3 900 9 If the saturated air parcel is now forced down a height of mm, its imperative will be -ICC as mm is equal to papa Environmental Stability Exercise C (Total 10 marks) The following temperature soundings are obtained: Height (hap) Tenderheartednesss air parcel (Co/mm/papa) Unsaturated air parcel (001000m/ 1 Poppa) 1000 34 34 34 800 12 22 14 700 2164 600 -2 10 -6 500 -12 4-16 300 -25 -8 -36 -30 -14 -46 The stability of the atmosphere with the saturated air mass is unstable as the air mass is warmer than the environment. However if the parcel of air were to be saturated from ground level, it would rise in the atmosphere and decrease in temperature at the SAL R. But this parcel of air would carry on ascending in the atmosphere, making it stable. The unsaturated air mass is conditionally unstable, as it will rise to about at papa/mm the parcel of air becomes saturated as it has become cooler than the environmental temperature surrounding it. It will then continue to decreasing in temperature at the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SAL R) of around ICC / mm, as it descends making it unstable Dew points, relative humidity and cloud formation Exercise D (Total = 22 marks) Plot a graph of mixing ratio vs.. Temperature and use this to help answer the questions in this section (6 marks). The graph may be plotted either in Excel or on regular graph paper. See attached If the temperature and the dew point of a parcel of air at the ground are DDCD and DDCD respectively what will the height of condensation be? (6 marks). Height of Condensation 125 (Ta-Tad) = 125 (23-13) = 125 x 10 Height of Condensation= mm Calculate the relative humidity of this parcel of air at the ground (8 marks). What happens if the dew point and temperature at the ground are equal? (2 marks). Relative Humidity (RE)= (Actual Vapor Density) (Saturation Vapor Density) x 100 ICC = 28. 1 numb ICC = 14. Numb = 14. 979 28. 104 = 0. 53298 0. 53298X100= 53. 289% marks). If the dew point and the ground level temperature were to be equal the surrounding air parcel would be saturated (completely), as the relative humidity would be at its maximum. Exercise E (Total = 12 marks) Explain clearly the nature and possible behavior of an air parcel rising from the ground, with a dew point of 1 co and the following environmental temperature profile. See table Height (m) Temperature0cTemperature of air parcel (Co) Dew point Co 28 28 10 1000 15 188 2000 9-2 6 3000 -3 -8 2 -10 4-8 15 -14 -14 Assuming that the air parcel and the environmental temperature at ground level are equal. The air parcel rises adiabatically losing ICC per mm and the dew point decreases by ICC every mm. The air parcel remains unsaturated or dry at mm and then after mm it becomes saturated. Therefore the height of condensation lies within the altitudes of mm-mm. This can be calculated relatively easy using this equation: Height of condensation 125 (Ta Tad) Inputting my figures = 125 (28- 10) = 125 x 18 = mm After saturation of the air parcel, the temperature of the air parcel will crease at the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALE), which is around 6001000m. When the temperature of the air parcel is warmer than the environmental temperature as it is from mm mm the atmosphere is unstable. When the parcel reaches mm, it becomes stable because the air parcel is colder than the environmental temperature, in that case the air parcel stops rising. Therefore the atmosphere is conditionally unstable. Exercise F (Total = 14 marks) A mass of air with a ground temperature of ICC and a dew point of -ICC is forced to ascend a 3000 m mountain. If the environmental temperature at 000 m is Describe the changes in air mass and dew point temperatures you might expect to observe. (8 marks). I have drawn a diagram of the changes in air mass and dew point temperatures you might expect to observe below When air is forced down a mountain, it is an example of forced convection. The air mass and dew point values change as the air mass rises and falls. According to thermodynamics, as air rises, it looses heat energy, as pressure is lost because of the air mass expanding in size. The temperature decreases by 10 and the dew point temperature decreases by ICC. At the top of the mountain, the air parcel saturates at mm. The air parcel is cooler than the environmental temperature, which means that the air parcel will begin to fall down the slope at the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALE). At each altitude the air parcel temperature decreases by 1 co and the dew point rises by ICC. As pressure is being increased when the air parcel is decreasing temperature increases. There has been a 1 net increase in air mass temperature from 1 ICC to ICC; same with the dew point temperature as there has been a ICC decrease from -ICC. We can calculate height of condensation takes place at with this simple equation 125X22 -mm Therefore we can at about the altitude of mm clouds start forming as the air parcel starts becoming saturated. Calculate the relative humidity of the air masses before and after ascent. (4 marks). Relative Humidity = Virtue XIII% Mart Before ascent Air temperature= 18 Mixing ratio-? egg/Keg 2. 8 Relative humidity O After descent Mixing ratio= egg/keg Mixing ratio-? 2. G/keg Relative humidity= 100 18 . 46% . Before ascent the humidity of the air mass was 21. 5% and after descent the humidity of the air mass was 18. 46% 3. How would the behavior of the air mass change (if at all) if the mountain as only 2000 m high and the environmental temperature at that height was -7 co? (2 marks) If the mountain were only mm, the temperature of the dew point would decrease by -ICC as we have seen beforehand and so would become saturated. With the environmental temperature at -7 Co the air parcel would be warmer than that of the surroundings and consequently the air parcel will carry on growing and expanding in size, dropping in pressure and losing heat at the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. Deprograms and stability Exercise G (Total = 18 marks) Values of the environmental air temperature are obtained at each of the eights given below. The dew point temperature (Tad) at the surface is 1 ICC. Plot a deprogram to show the trajectory of an air parcel or air mass rising from the surface. Explain, by reference to the deprogram how the parcel would behave and, hence, describe the stability of the atmosphere. Annotate the deprogram to indicate clearly the presence of any condensation levels or changes in air parcel/mass behavior. See diphtheria attached Height (hap) Height (m) Dew point (Co) Temperature (Co) 1000 010 15 900 1000 88 800 2000 23 700 3000 -4 -8 600 4000 -10 -6 500 5000 -16 -15 The dew point rises adiabatically losing heat. At mm or papa saturation of the air parcel occurs as the dew point and the air parcel are at the same temperatures. To calculate the height Of condensation we can use this simple equation Height of condensation = 125 (Ta Tad) = 125(15-10) -mm On my Deprogram attached, I have shown a dew point (red line) which come together with the dry adiabatic line (green line). This illustrates the fact that when the saturated air parcel stopped ascending. When the air is saturated the air parcel stops ascending. The dew point will continue to cool down at he saturated adiabatic lapse rate of around ICC per mm. From this I illustrated the saturated adiabatic line (SALE) (black line). The Environmental Lapse Rate (LEER) is shown in green on the deprogram, and lies to the right of the SALE. This means that the atmosphere is stable, which means thats the air parcel will continue to rise. Exercise H (Total = 100 marks). You should be aiming to write about 500 words As you will have seen during these exercises, air behaves in a certain way when it is forced to rise over a topographic barrier. Describe one example of such a topographically induced airflow from somewhere in the oral, indicating clearly how geography and atmospheric conditions influence the creation and behavior of the wind. Illustrate your discussion with diagrams as appropriate, and make sure that you provide clear references for the information you give (note that Wisped is not an acceptable source Of information). The meaning of a topographic barrier is an obstruction within the land e. G. Mountain ranges that change wind and rainfall pattern within the mountainous area. An example of such a topographically induced airflow is the Serbia Nevada mountain range. The Sierra Nevada is located in the west f the United States running along the east of California. It extends north about implies from the Mojave Desert to the Northern Californian Cascade Range. The Sierra Nevada varies in width and is about miles wide at Lake Tahoe and miles wide towards the south of the mountain range. Its remarkable skyline and extraordinary landscapes makes it one of North Americas premiere views. Biologically, it is the home to the worlds most ancient trees, the sequoia. In previous history, the focus Of the gold rush and now is the home to 3 national parks, 20 special wilderness areas and 2 cantonal monuments. Topographic barriers such as mountains and hills force normal winds within the area up and over their slopes which are about 4421 m high at the highest peak. As an air parcel rises, it cools as the higher it goes within the atmosphere, the more pressure is lost and therefore heat is lost as there is energy being transferred in order for the air parcel to expand. Cooler air is capable of holding less water vapor than warmer air. As the air parcel cools it reaches its maximum saturation point, this water vapor is forced to condense, depositing rain or snow on windward slopes. When air is met by a mountain, it is elevated up and over the mountain, cooling as it rises. If the air cools to its saturation point, the water vapor condenses and a cloud forms. When these air parcels form large enough droplets; precipitation will form. Westerly Wind coming in from the Pacific Ocean carrying water vapor is trapped by the Sierra Nevada and is forced up an uphill slope where Otherwise the air would have passed unscathed. This air is then forced back down causing a phenomenon called the Sierra Nevada wind rotors. These wind rotors are periodic changes of atmospheric pressure, temperature and altitude in a current of air caused by vertical displacement e. G. A topographical barrier such as the Sierra Nevada. The result of these wind rotors is as mild as strong winds or windstorms. The strength of the wind rotor is dependent upon wind speed coming in, ground temperature, wind patterns and water vapor. With that said, the formations of these wind rotors are unpredictable. As air up a mountain is cooler due to the environmental lapse rate (air cools around 6. ICC every mm an air parcel rises up. This creates a distinct monochromatic around the mountain range. The lower zone of the mountain angel is dry and cooler whereas the top has cold and severe conditions. This is indicated by the flora existing in these parts. The positioning of uphill slopes in relation to the sun has an influence on the climate. South-facing slopes are sunnier and support entirely different ecological communities than north-facing slopes. The south side of a mountain may experience spring conditions weeks or even months ahead of its north side. Where year-round snow or glaciers exist, they are supported by the shade provided by north- and west-facing slopes.

University of North Carolina at Greensboro Admissions

University of North Carolina at Greensboro Admissions The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) is a largely accessible public university. The school had an acceptance rate of 74  percent. Admitted students tend to have grades in the B range or better, and SAT/ACT scores that are average or higher. The application has an optional essay (an essay is required for university scholarship applicants). Note that some majors and professional schools at UNCG have additional application requirements.  Calculate your chances of getting in  with this free tool from Cappex. UNCG Description UNCGs home of Greensboro is a city of about a quarter million people that stands midway between Atlanta and Washington D.C. The 210-acre picturesque campus features a variety of architectural styles. Explore the campus with the University of North Carolina Greensboro photo tour. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro has a  student/faculty ratio  of 17 to 1 and an average class size of 27. For its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, UNCG was awarded a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  honor society. On the social front, UNCG has roughly 180 student organizations. In athletics, the UNCG Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I  Southern Conference. Admissions Data (2016) Percent of Applicants Admitted: 74  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for UNCG AdmissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 480 / 570SAT Math: 470 / 560SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanSouthern Conference SAT score comparisonSAT scores for NC campusesACT Composite: 21  / 25ACT English: 20  / 25ACT Math: 19 / 25ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers meanSouthern Conference ACT score comparisonACT scores for NC campuses Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 19,647  (16,281 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 34 percent male / 66 percent female87  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $6,971  (in-state); $21,833 (out-of-state)Books: $956 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,934Other Expenses: $2,224Total Cost: $20,085 (in-state); $34,947 (out-of-state) UNCG Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 84  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 67 percentLoans: 67 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $8,460Loans: $5,827 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Elementary Education, English, Exercise Science, Human Development and Family Studies, Nursing, Psychology, Social Work, Speech and Rhetorical StudiesWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation, Retention and Transfer Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 76  percentTransfer Out Rate: 22 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 30 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 54  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Tennis, Soccer, Golf, Basketball, Baseball, Track and FieldWomens Sports:  Basketball, Golf, Softball, Volleyball, Track and Field, Tennis If You Like UNCG, You May Also Like These Schools: UNC Chapel Hill:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUNC Charlotte:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUNC Wilmington:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEast Carolina University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWestern Carolina University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHigh Point University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorth Carolina State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWake Forest University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorth Carolina AT:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAppalachian State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Italy Country Profile Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Italy Country Profile - Assignment Example . . Italy is a magic. Explore it† (â€Å"Beautiful Italy,† n.d.). With this notion, it can be perceived that Italy must be a paragon of a paradise in the contemporary perspective. The concept of this paper has been created as to depict the PEST-C aspects of the country, including the Hofstede's perspectives of analyzing the culture of Italy as compared to Canada, and depicting the feasible business venture in the country. Lastly, a conclusive remark will be inscribed. 2. PEST-C Aspects Political/Legal. When it comes to dealing with weak pecuniary locus of the country, Italy has announced to cut its budget amounting to â‚ ¬26bn from the period span 2012-14. In accordance with the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index 2011, the country is placed at 69th among 183 nations (â€Å"Italy Country Profile,† 2012, p. 4). In the context of European Union, Italy is deemed as having the highest aggregate tax rate. In accordance with Paying Taxes 2 012, the nation’s aggregate tax rate was 68.5%, which is notably above the average of EU of 43.4%. Such taxes may comprise of profit and labor impositions. Dismally, the nation’s aggregate piracy rate is 49% that has eventuated to procure detrimental losses of â‚ ¬1.87bn; such piracy issues are associated to business and entertainment softwares (â€Å"Italy Country Profile,† 2012, p. 5). ... Furthermore, non-performing loans, such as substandard, restructured, bad, and past-due loans. In accordance with the International Monetary Fund, these loans have incremented to 11% in 2011 from about 6% in 2008. The debt turmoil has become the triggering factor for organizations to be exposed to short-term debts, which are dependent to the lending institutions. Otherwise stated, organizations are doomed to fail because of the potential risks of high interest rates and be liquidated. The worst case is that forty percent of these organizations are exposed to interest rates that are payable within a period of less than twelve months (â€Å"Italy Country Profile,† 2012, pp. 4-5). Social/Cultural. It is significant to consider the demographic profile of a country when it comes to depicting the generality of its social aspects. Therein, cultural aspects will be delved as well in the light of fathoming the demographic facets. In accordance with the CIA World Factbook, the average l ife expectancy of Italy last 2012 was at 81.86 years--comprising of men ages 79.24 years and women 84.63 years (â€Å"Italy Country Profile, 2012, p. 5). That record is notably one of the highest in the world. In the light of macroeconomics, the nation’s aggregate workforce is mitigating (â€Å"Country Intelligence: Italy,† 2012, p. 16) and such a situation will deem as detrimental. In fact, Italy’s unemployment rate was about 8.40% in 2011, which was considerably higher than that of the developed countries. This implicates that Italy’s work environment may be the cause of weakening social aspects that will lead to impact the economy of the country. As a matter of fact, Italy’s employment rate of 56.9% was lower compared to that of the EU average of 64.2% (â€Å"Italy

The Honor of Fuente Ovenjuna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Honor of Fuente Ovenjuna - Essay Example Content analysis of responses revealed systematic differences in the cultural prototypes of pride and shame; these differences can be seen as reflecting the influence of individualistic versus honor-based values on the way in which self-conscious emotions are conceptualized. (Fischer) The focus on the traditional values of respect to royalty and honor of women has been a part of the Spanish tradition and much of traditional Spanish literature uses honor-related themes as a conspicuous backdrop, even if in a diluted form in modern Spanish Drama. Lope de Vega’s play Fuente Ovenjuna, written sometime between 1612 and 1614 portrays the conflict of these values as interpreted by the various strata of the social structure. This play not only structures itself around the play of ‘pride, anger and shame’ between the hoi-polloi and the riff-raff, but allows the reader to take a macro view of the use of these emotions by the characters to project their sense of ethics and morality; and thus, safeguard their own honor. According to Alix Inger in ‘What is an honor play?’, an honor play essentially deals with the theme of conjugal honor; that is, the respect of a man threatened by the behavior of his wife. However, in the Golden Age, the preoccupation with conjugal honor came to acquire newer dimensions and the subject acquired larger proportions. Now, conflict of the type lay not only in gender but also in class, age, allegiance and a collective psyche. While one may largely agree with Inger’s inference of such development; it is pertinent to remark that in ‘Fuenteovejuna’, no matter where the conflict lay; the perpetration and the resolution of honor-conflicts lay mostly with the female protagonist of the play. As ascribed in the paper ‘Courtesy, Altruism and Honor’, there is a direct correlation between the interpretation of honor and the issues of courtesy, opinion, authority and respect. Whether it is the Comendador’s use of the age-advantage

Foundations of Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Organizational Structure Essay TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 1 General Introduction 1. Ice-breaking session. 2. Self-introduction by tutor and students. 3. Briefing on course requirements. 4. Tutorial expectations and participation. 5. Briefing on Group Report Oral Presentation (requirements and expectations). 6. Team formation for Group Report. (4 members per group) 7. Tutor assigns question and time for oral presentation group report ** Oral presentation and group report submission will starts from Week 3 to 5** **Important note** Students are required to sit for one (1) online test on Week 3. Please make sure that you are registered under this course and be able to access to CEL to take the test. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 2 Topic 1 : Foundations of Organizational Structure Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The ________ refers to the number of subordinates that a manager directs. A) span of control B) unity of command C) chain of command D) decentralization principle E) leadership web 2) A task that is subdivided into many separate jobs is considered to have ________. A) a high degree of departmentalization B) a low degree of decentralization C) a high degree of work specialization D) a low degree of structure E) a high degree of matrix structuring 3) Aeronautics Inc., a parts supplier, has departments for government aircraft and contracts, large commercial aircraft clients, and small personal aircraft clients. This is an example of ________ departmentalization. A) product B) function C) geography D) customer E) service 4) Stalsberry Company has employees in personnel, sales, and accounting. This division of an organization into groups according to work functions is an example of ________, the second element of structural organization. A) social clustering B) bureaucracy C) specialization D) centralization E) departmentalization 5) The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom is termed ________. A) chain of command B) authority C) span of control. D) unity of command E) web of authority 6) Which one of the following is consistent with a simple structure? A) high centralization B) high horizontal differentiation C) high employee discretion D) standardization E) bureaucracy 7) Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? It ________. A) reduces effectiveness B) is more efficient C) encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee autonomy D) empowers employees E) increases participatory decision-making 8) In an organization that has high centralization, ________. A) the corporate headquarters is located centrally to branch offices B) all top level officials are located within the same geographic area C) action can be taken more quickly to solve problems D) new employees have a great deal of legitimate authority E) top managers make all the decisions and lower level managers merely carry out directions TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 3 Topic 2 : Organizational Culture Part A: Discussion Question 1) Explain the primary methods of maintaining an organizations culture. Once a culture is in place, there are practices within the organization that act to maintain it by giving employees a set of similar experiences. Three forces play a particularly important part in sustaining a culture: selection practices, the actions of top management, and socialization methods. a) First, the explicit goal of the selection process is to identify and hire individuals who have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the  jobs within the organization successfully. It would be naive to ignore that the final decision as to who is hired will be significantly influenced by the decision makers judgment of how well the candidates will fit into the organization. This attempt to ensure a proper match, whether purposely or inadvertently, results in the hiring of people who have values essentially consistent with those of the organization, or at least a good portion of those values. In addition, the selection process provides information to applicants about the organization.   Candidates learn about the organization and, if they perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization, they can self-select themselves out of the applicant pool. b) In addition to selection, the actions of top management also have a major impact on the organizations culture. Through what they say and how they behave, senior executives establish norms that filter down through the organization as to whether risk taking is desirable; how much freedom managers should give their employees; what is appropriate dress; what actions will pay off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards; and the like. c) Finally, no matter how good a job the organization does in recruiting and selection, new employees are not fully indoctrinated in the organizations culture. Because they are unfamiliar with the organizations culture, new employees are potentially likely to disturb the beliefs and customs that are in place. The organization will, therefore, want to help new employees adapt to its culture. This adaptation process is called socialization. This is when the organization seeks to mold the outsider into an employee in good standing. Employees who fail to learn the essential or pivotal role behaviors risk being labeled nonconformists or rebels, which often leads to expulsion. But the organization will be socializing every employee, though maybe not as explicitly, throughout his or her entire career in the organization. This further contributes to sustaining the culture. 2) Explain how an institutionalized culture can be a barrier to diversity. Describe how an organization could utilize the three forces at play in sustaining a culture to help create a diverse workforce. By limiting the range of acceptable values and styles, strong cultures put considerable pressure on employees to conform. In some instances, a strong culture that condones prejudice can even undermine formal corporate diversity policies. Strong cultures can also be liabilities when they support institutional bias or become insensitive to people who are different. Hiring new employees who differ from the majority in race, age, gender, disability, or other characteristics creates a paradox: management wants to demonstrate support for the differences these employees bring to the workplace, but newcomers who wish to fit in must accept the organizations core cultural values. Because diverse behaviors and unique strengths are likely to diminish as people attempt to assimilate, strong cultures can become liabilities when they effectively eliminate these advantages. The explicit goal of the selection process is to identify and hire individuals with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform successfully. Taking diversity into consideration at this phase does not have to be antagonistic to the culture. The final decision, because its significantly influenced by the decision makers judgment of how well the candidates will fit into the organization, identifies people whose values are essentially consistent with at least a good portion of the organizations. Looking beyond surface level differences at the selection phase will help create a diverse workforce. Through words and behavior, senior executives establish norms that filter through the organization about, for instance, whether risk taking is desirable, how much freedom managers should give employees, what is appropriate dress, and what actions pay off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards. Management actions should be inclusive and non-prejudicial to create a diverse and functional culture. During the metamorphosis stage of socialization management should use institutional practices to encourage person–organization fit and high levels of commitment. 3) What are the three stages of socialization through which employees become indoctrinated into an organizations culture? The three stages of socialization are prearrival, encounter, and metamorphosis. a) The prearrival stage recognizes that each individual arrives with a set of values, attitudes, and expectations. These cover both the work to be done and the organization. b) Upon entry into the organization, the new member enters the encounter stage. Here the individual confronts the possible dichotomy between her expectations and reality. c) Finally, the new member must work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage. This may mean going through changes hence, this is called the metamorphosis stage. 4) Discuss the difference between strong and weak organizational cultures and discuss the effect that a strong culture can have on an acquisition or merger. Strong cultures have a greater impact on employee behavior and are more directly related to reduced turnover. In a strong culture, the organizations core values are both intensely held and widely shared. The more members who accept the core values and the greater their commitment to those values is, the stronger the culture is. A strong culture will have a great influence on the behavior of its members because the high degree of sharedness and intensity creates an internal climate of high behavioral control. One specific result of a strong culture should be lower employee turnover. A strong culture demonstrates high agreement among members about what the organization stands for. Such unanimity of purpose builds cohesiveness, loyalty, and organizational commitment. These qualities, in turn, lessen employees propensity to leave the organization. In recent years, cultural compatibility has become the primary concern. All things being equal, whether the acquisition actually works seems to have more to do with how well the two organizations cultures match up. The primary cause of failure is conflicting organizational cultures, when people simply dont match up. Therefore, when considering an acquisition or merger, management would need to carefully evaluate the cultures of each organization. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 4 Topic 3: Foundations of Group Behavior Understanding Work Teams Part A: Discussion Question 1) List and briefly describe the stages in the five-stage model of group  development. The five-stage group development model characterizes groups as proceeding through five distinct stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. a) Forming is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the groups purpose, structure, and leadership. Members are testing the waters to determine what types of behavior are acceptable. b) In the storming stage, members accept the existence of the group, but there is resistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. There is conflict over who will control the group. c) The third stage is one in which close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. There is now a strong sense of group identify and camaraderie. This norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior. d) The fourth stage is performing. The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing the task at hand. e) In the adjourning stage, the group prepares for its disbandment. High task performance is no longer the groups top priority. Instead, attention is directed toward wrapping up activities. 2) Design the most effective team to figure out ways to reduce the number of preparation hours for shipping products overseas for your company. Choose the type of team from one of the four principal team types. Describe your teams context, composition, and process parameters. Answers will vary. A problem-solving team is probably the best type of team for this task. In a problem-solving team members share ideas or suggest how work processes and methods can be improved. The problem-solving team will offer ideas to management. Together they discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment. The team will need information on what products are being shipped and how  long each of them takes, as well as details on the current procedures. Adequate information is essential. A firm goal of reducing the hours spent must be established by a leader. The group should be comprised of workers and management with expertise in the shipping department procedures. The team should have five members, three management and two people from shipping and packaging. The process parameters should be clearly outlined, with goals of exactly how much time needs to be shaved off of packaging processes. 3) Explain the difference between groupthink and group shift. Give an example to support your answer. Groupthink is related to norms. It describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. Groupthink is a disease that attacks many groups and can dramatically hinder their performance. Group shift indicates that in discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions that they hold. In some situations, caution dominates, and there is a conservative shift. More often, however, the evidence indicates that groups tend toward a risky shift. Students answers may vary. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 5 Topic 4: Motivation Concepts Part A: Discussion Questions 1) Compare and contrast a manager that implements Theory Y and one that adheres to the expectancy theory. How would each choose to motivate their employees? Theory Y managers assume that employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility. Theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. Theory Y managers would contend that ideas such as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations are approaches that would maximize an employees job  motivation. A Theory Y manager believes that the employee is inherently motivated as long as the conditions respect his intellect and character. A Theory Y manager would work hard to include the employee in decision making concerning his job, to satisfy work environment preferences, and to make sure the work is stimulating. Expectancy theory proposes that employees will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe it will lead to a good performance appraisal; that a good appraisal will lead to organizational rewards such as bonuses, salary increases, or promotions; and that the rewards will satisfy the employees personal goals. An expectancy theory manager would focus much more on the reward expectations of the employee, versus the psychologic expectations. It would be important for the manager to understand the personal goals that the employee strives to achieve so that he can be appropriately rewarded and praised. 2) Describe Maslows hierarchy of needs including the types of needs and how they become dominant. Maslows hierarchy of needs hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. a) The physiological needs include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. b) Safety includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm. c) Social includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. d) Esteem includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement; and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention. e) Self-actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving ones potential, and self-fulfillment. As each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. So if you want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand what level of the hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying those needs at or above that level 3) According to Two-Factor Theory, how might a manager motivate employees? According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate factors that can create job dissatisfaction may bring about peace but not necessarily result in motivation. Conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relations with others, and job security were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied; neither will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or to outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 6 Topic 5: Motivation: From Concepts to Applications Part A: Discussion Questions 1) List and describe THREE (3) different variable-pay programs. Be sure to include piece-rate plans, profit-sharing plans, and gainsharing. a) Piece-rate plans. In piece-rate pay plans, workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed. When an employee gets no base salary and is paid only for what he or she produces, this is a pure piece-rate plan. b) Merit-based pay. Merit-based pay plans also pay for individual performance. However, unlike piece-rate plans, which pay based on objective output, merit-based pay plans are based on performance appraisal ratings. c) Profit-sharing. Profit-sharing plans are organization-wide programs that distribute compensation based on some established formula designed around a companys profitably. d) Bonuses. Bonuses can be paid exclusively to executives or to all employees. Many companies now routinely reward production employees with bonuses in the thousands of dollars when company profits improve. e) Skill-Based Pay. Skill-based pay (also called competency-based or knowledge-based pay) sets pay levels on the basis of how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do. f) ESOPs. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices, as part of their benefits. g) Gainsharing. Gainsharing is a formula-based group incentive plan. Improvements in group productivity determine the total amount of money that is to be allocated. By focusing on productivity gains rather than profits, gainsharing rewards specific behaviors that are less influenced by external factors. Employees in a gainsharing plan can receive incentive awards even when the organization isnt profitable. 2) Compare and contrast the benefits of intrinsic rewards such as recognition and extrinsic rewards such as pay as forms of motivation. Organizations are increasingly recognizing that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are important. Rewards are intrinsic in the form of employee recognition programs and extrinsic in the form of compensation systems. Intrinsic rewards range from a spontaneous and private thank-you to widely publicized formal programs in which specific types of behavior are encouraged and the procedures for attaining recognition are clearly identified. Pay, an extrinsic reward, is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, however, it does motivate people, and companies often underestimate its importance in keeping top talent. No matter how much recognition a top performer gets, he will be tempted to leave if the pay scale is much lower than the market and another offer arrives. Recent survey data indicate most employees dont see a strong connection between pay and performance. Variable pay structures, such as bonuses are often the best production motivators. When pay is tied to performance, the employees earnings also recognize contribution rather  than being a form of entitlement. Over time, low performers pay stagnates, while high performers enjoy pay increases commensurate with their contributions. An obvious advantage of intrinsic rewards like recognition programs is that they are inexpensive since praise is free. However, they are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management. When applied to jobs for which performance factors are relatively objective, such as sales, recognition programs are likely to be perceived by employees as fair. However, in most jobs, the criteria for good performance arent self evident, which allows managers to manipulate the system and recognize their favorites. Abuse can undermine the value of recognition programs and demoralize employees. Research suggests financial incentives may be more motivating in the short term, but in the long run intrinsic incentives will retain good employees if the extrinsic incentives are competitive. 3) What is employee involvement and why is it important. Give two examples. Employee involvement is defined as a participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organizations success. The underlying logic is that by involving workers in those decisions that affect them and by increasing their autonomy and control over their work lives, employees will become more motivated, more committed to the organization, more productive, and more satisfied with their jobs. Examples of employee involvement include a) Participative management. Participative management programs use joint decision making. Subordinates actually share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors. b) Representative participation. Representative participation refers to worker representation by a small group of employees who actually participate on the board. The goal is to redistribute power within an organization, putting labor on a more equal footing with the interests of management and stockholders. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 7 Topic 6: What do Managers Do Leadership Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is most likely to be a belief held by a successful manager? A) Technical knowledge is all that is needed for success. B) It is not essential to have sound interpersonal skills. C) Technical skills are necessary, but insufficient alone for success. D) Effectiveness is not impacted by human behavior. E) Technical skills do not influence efficiency. 2) Which of a managers primary functions requires the manager to define an organizations goals, establish an overall strategy for achieving these goals and develop a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities? A) controlling B) planning C) staffing D) coordinating E) leading 3) As a manager, one of Joes duties is to present awards to outstanding employees within his department. Which Mintzberg managerial role is Joe acting in when he does this? A) leadership role B) liaison role C) monitor role D) figurehead role E) spokesperson role 4) Jill is valued by her colleagues for her ability to perform effective break-even analysis on upcoming ventures. In this case, her colleagues value her for competencies that fall within which essential management skills categories? A) technical B) communication C) human D) conceptual E) education 5) Leadership is best defined as ________. A) the ability to influence a group in goal achievement B) keeping order and consistency in the midst of change C) implementing the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) not a relevant variable in modern organizations 6) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________. A) coercion and motivation B) emotional and rational C) employee-oriented and production-oriented D) initiating structure and consideration E) initiation and completion Part B: Discussion Questions 1) Describe the three essential management skills that differentiate effective managers from ineffective ones. Provide a workplace example of how these skills could be used when dealing with the challenge of a workplace recession. The three essential management skills identified by researchers are technical, human, and conceptual. Technical skills are defined by the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. Human skills are defined by the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people. Finally, conceptual skills are defined by the ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations. In a time of recession human skills are essential to motivate fearful employees and to create a positive work environment. They would also be necessary in the event of workplace staff reduction. Technical skills could be applied in the area of expertise to raise production and, combined with conceptual skills, can be used to look for small market niches and ways to analyze the industry to continue to make a profit until times are better. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 8 Topic 7: Leadership Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following? A) situational leadership theory B) cognitive resource theory C) managerial grid model D) path-goal theory E) cognitive orientation model 2) Hersey and Blanchards leadership theory differs from other leadership theories primarily because it ________. A) explores the role of the expectations of the leader for the follower B) focuses on the followers C) holds that leadership style should be dependent on the situation D) is normative E) deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies 3) What is the main principle of path-goal theory? A) Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style. B) Stress is a form of situational unfavorableness and a leaders reaction to it depends on his or her intelligence and experience. C) Effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. D) Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers because of time pressures. E) The leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary for them to do their jobs. 4) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader? A) sensitivity to follower needs B) unconventional behavior C) vision and articulation D) task orientation E) willingness to take risks 5) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp, which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acmes leader is a transformational leader? A) Acmes top managers often conflict over defining the organization’s goals. B) Acmes goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees. C) Creativity is discouraged among Acme employees. D) Acme managers are cautious and rarely take risks. E) Acmes compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results. 6) Leaders who clarify role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a _________ style of leadership. A) transformational B) transactional C) charismatic D) self-initiating E) situational 7) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a project team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the teams performance under Richards guidance? A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richards expectations. B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member. D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richards heroic or extraordinary qualities. E) They will tend to put their individual self-interest above the interests of the company. Part B: Discussion Questions 1)Compare and contrast Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory with Houses path-goal theory. Hersey and Blanchards situation leadership theory is a contingency theory  that focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the level of the followers readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leaders. The term readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific directions; if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for the followers lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to buy into the leaders desires; if followers are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style; and if the employee is both abl e and willing, the leader doesnt need to do much. Path-goal theory was developed by Robert House. The essence of the theory is that its the leaders job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. The term path-goal is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get from where they are to the  achievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing roadblocks. House identified four leadership behaviors. The directive leader lets followers know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. The supportive leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers. The participative leader consults with followers and uses their suggestions before making a decision. The achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. House assumes that leaders are flexible and that the same leader can display any or all of these behaviors depending on the situation. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 9 Topic 8: Communication Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Communication serves all of the following functions within a group or organization except ________. A) motivation B) planning C) emotional expression D) control E) conveying information 2) Alejandro is annoyed that the new recruit, Ben, is working faster than anyone else in the group, making the rest of the group look bad. In the company cafeteria Alejandro teases Ben and calls him the super recruit and imitates his style of working so rapidly. Alejandro wants to intimidate Ben so that he will work slower. Which function of communication is Alejandro using by making fun of Ben? A) motivation B) control C) expression D) information E) formal 3) Helena and Laura were talking on the phone. Lauras two year old son fell and started crying and Laura could no longer hear what Helena said. This is an example of ________. A) transmitting B) decoding C) noise D) understanding E) analysis 4) The communication used by managers to provide job instructions is ________ communication. A) downward B) lateral C) formal D) directional E) diagonal Part B: Discussion Questions 1)Describe the communication process. Include the communication process model and explain the eight parts of this model. Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded (converted to a symbolic form) and passed by way of some medium (channel) to the receiver, who retranslates (decodes) the message initiated by the sender. The result is a transfer of meaning from one person to another. The key parts of the communication process are 1) the sender 2) encoding 3) the message 4) the channel 5) decoding 6) the receiver 7) noise 8) feedback The source initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the source encoding. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. The symbols must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This is the decoding. Noise represents communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. The final link is a feedback loop. 2) Explain how the grapevine functions and why it exists in organizational communication. Describe the general direction of communication and the form of communication most commonly used in the grapevine. What can a manager do to limit the negative effects of the grapevine? The informal communication system is the grapevine. While it is informal it is still an important source of information. A survey found that 75 percent of employees hear about matters first through rumors on the grapevine. The grapevine has three main characteristics. First, it is not controlled by management. Second, most employees perceive it as more believable and reliable than formal communiquà ©s issued by top management. Finally, it is largely used to serve the interests of the people within it. Rumors emerge as a response to situations that are important to us, when there is ambiguity, and under conditions that arouse anxiety. The fact that work situations frequently contain these three elements explains why rumors flourish in organizations. The secrecy and competition that typically prevail in large organizations, encourage and sustain rumors on the grapevine. A rumor will persist either until the wants and expectations creating the uncertainty are fulfilled or the anxiety has been reduced. The grapevine generally follows lateral communication in which persons from the same hierarchical levels begin to relay messages. Very rarely does management participate in the grapevine. In fact, one study reported that management only relayed messages to the grapevine ten percent of the time. Generally oral communication is used to relay grapevine information, although written e-mail can be used as well, but is considered less safe for accountability reasons. Managers can not entirely eliminate rumors. What they should do is minimize the negative consequences of rumors by limiting their range and impact. The best way to reduce the negative consequences of rumors is to: 1) Provide information; 2) Explain actions and decisions that may appear inconsistent, unfair, or secretive; 3) Refrain from shooting the messenger; and 4) Maintain open communication channels. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 10 Topic 9: Conflict Management Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The traditional view of conflict is the belief that conflict is ________. A) harmful B) natural C) necessary D) situationally-dependent E) neutral 2) Which of the following is not a cause of conflict, according to the traditionalist view? A) general poor communication between people B) lack of openness in the organization C) trust between people in the organization D) management failure to be responsive to employee needs E) management failure to be responsive to employee aspirations 3) The ________ view of conflict argues that conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively. A) human relations B) interactionist C) traditional D) functional E) reactive 4) ________ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional. A) Task B) Job C) Relationship D) Process E) Functional 5) The first stage of the conflict process is termed ________. A) cognition and personalization B) behavioral manifestation C) potential opposition or incompatibility D) intention E) habituation 6) High job specialization can lead to ________ conflict. A) communication B) structural C) personal-variable D) job-related E) team 7) In which stage are conflict issues defined? A) potential opposition B) cognition and personalization C) intuitions D) behavior E) reaction and transference 8) The conflict-handling intention of collaborating is ________. A) assertive and uncooperative B) assertive and cooperative C) unassertive and uncooperative D) unassertive and cooperative E) affective and reflective 9) Angelina feels that her cubicle neighbor talks too loudly on the phone, but in other ways she is a great neighbor. Angelina gets annoyed every time her neighbors phone rings, but she has decided its simply not worth the trouble to talk to her neighbor. Angelinas conflict intention is called ________. A) competing B) avoiding C) accommodating D) compromising E) collaborating 10) Which of the following is not a conflict-resolution technique? A) creating superordinate goals B) appointing a devils advocate C) avoiding the conflict D) exercising authoritative command E) generating additional resources 11) Stage II of the conflict process deals with conflict being ________. A) perceived and felt B) apparent and experienced C) expressed and perceived D) overt and covert E) internalized 12) Irma does not like a few of the standard operating procedures adapted for the new project. However, she discussed the items with the team and told them that she realized she was in the minority and that she would adapt the new procedures to maintain smooth operations within the team. This type of intention is called ________. A) sacrificing B) accommodating C) collaborating D) compromising E) competing TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 11 Topic 10: Power and Politics Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Power can be defined as ________. A) the ability to influence the behavior of others B) the actualization of the dependency of others C) congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led D) downward influence on ones followers E) upward influence on ones leaders 2) One reacts to ________ power out of fear of the negative ramifications that might result if one fails to comply. A) legitimate B) coercive C) punitive D) referent E) abusive 3) The power that the College Dean has been granted by the University over the faculty is termed ________ power. A) academic B) positional C) legitimate D) organizational E) balanced 4) Power tactics can be defined as ________. A) the only legitimate sources of power B) techniques for translating power bases into specific action C) strategies for gathering and maintain support D) organizational structural characteristics E) approaches for winning arguments 5) Vivian has not been handling one portion of her duties in a satisfactory manner. As a result, her manager threatens to withhold her promotion. Which power tactic is being used? A) exchange B) ingratiation C) pressure D) personal appeals E) inspirational appeals Part B: Discussion Questions 1) Contrast leadership and power. Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership, on the other hand, requires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led. A second difference relates to the direction of influence. Leadership focuses on the downward influence on ones followers. It minimizes the importance of lateral and upward influence patterns. Power does not. Still another difference deals with research emphasis. Leadership research, for the most part, emphasizes style. It seeks answers to such questions as: How supportive should a leader be? How much decision making should be shared with followers? The research on power encompasses a broader area and focus on tactics for gaining compliance. Power can be used by groups as well as by individuals to control other individuals or groups. 2) List and discuss the bases of personal power. Personal power comes from an individuals unique characteristics. Two bases of personal power are expertise, the respect and admiration of others. a) Expert power is influence wielded as a result of expertise, special skill, or knowledge. Expertise has become one of the most powerful sources of influence as the world has become more technologically oriented. b) Referent power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. If I like, respect, and admire you, you can exercise power over me because I want to please you. 3) Distinguish between legitimate political behavior and illegitimate political behavior. Legitimate political behavior refers to normal everyday politics complaining to your supervisor, bypassing the chain of command, forming coalitions, obstructing organizational policies or decisions through inaction or excessive adherence to rules, and developing contacts outside the organization through ones professional activities. On the other hand, there are also illegitimate political behaviors that violate the implied rules of the game. Those who pursue such extreme activities are often described as individuals who play hardball. Illegitimate activities include sabotage, whistleblowing, and symbolic protests such as wearing unorthodox dress or protest buttons, and groups of employees simultaneously calling in sick. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 12 Topic 11: Human Resource Policies and Practices (Human Resource Planning Forecasting, Recruitment) Part A: Discussion Questions 1) Define human resource planning. Describe the TWO (2) components in human resource planning. Human resource planning is the systematic process of matching the internal and external supply of people with job openings anticipated in the organization over a specific period of time. Human resource planning has 2 components: requirements and availability. A requirements forecast involves determining the number, skill, and location of employees the organization will need at future dates in order to meet its goals. The determination of whether the firm will be able to secure employees with the necessary skills, and from what sources, is called an availability forecast. 2) Describe human resource databases and how databases can assist in matching internal employees to positions. A human resource database contains employee information that permits management to make HR decisions. Information that might appear in such databases, includes, but is not limited to, the following: work history and experience, specific skills and knowledge, licenses or certifications held, organizational training completed, educational background, previous performance appraisal evaluations, assessment of strengths and weaknesses, development needs, promotion potential at present, and with further development, current job performance, field of specialization, job preferences, geographic preferences, career goals and aspirations, anticipated retirement date, and personal history, including psychological assessments. Databases are being used by organizations to enable human resources to match people with positions. 3) List TWO (2) methods are available to firms when either a shortage or surplus of workers is forecasted? Firms faced with a shortage of workers may use: 1) 2) 3) 4) innovative recruiting, compensation incentives, and training programs to fill positions. Lowering of employment standards Firms faced with a surplus of workers may use: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) layoffs,  restricted hours,  hiring freezes may be necessary, and  encourage early retirement and  the use of vacation time. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 13 Topic 12: Human Resource Policies and Practices (Selection) Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is the most common method of initial selection? A) written tests B) background check C) performance test D) application form E) work-sample test 2) More than ________ percent of employers conduct some type of background check on potential employees during some point in the hiring process, usually either in the initial phase or the contingent phase. A) 25 B) 50 C) 65 D) 80 E) 95 3) The best way for an employer to find out if a potential employee can do a job is by ________. A) using the interview process B) using a written test C) having them spend a day in the office D) administering an IQ test E) using a performance simulation test 4) Work sample tests are widely used in hiring ________. A) unskilled labor B) skilled workers C) professional workers D) managers E) knowledge workers 5) The results of which of the following tend to have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee selection decisions? A) interviews B) written tests C) performance simulation tests D) work sampling methods E) personality tests 6) The behavioral structured interview is built on the assumption that ________. A) past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior B) technical knowledge and skills are the best predictor of job performance C) personality is the best predictor of job performance D) personality and mood are highly correlated E) technical knowledge and mood are highly correlated Part B: TRUE /FALSE Questions 1) As a selection device, written tests have decreased in usage during the past 20 years. (TRUE /FALSE) 2) A test that measures factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and honesty is referred to as a performance factor test. (TRUE /FALSE) 3) Work samples yield validities almost consistently superior to written aptitude tests. (TRUE /FALSE) 4) In assessment centers, job candidates are evaluated as they go through several days of exercises that simulate real problems they would confront on the job. (TRUE /FALSE) TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE ABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCE TUTORIAL 14 Topic 13 14: Human Resource Policies and Practices (Performance Evaluation) Part A: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Performance evaluations today are generally based on which three types of behavior? A) task performance, productivity, tenure B) productivity, efficiency, absenteeism C) task performance, citizenship, counterproductivity D) citizenship, counterproductivity, personality E) leadership, training, efficiency 2) Performance evaluations are used as a mechanism for all of the following except ________. A) monitoring the success of marketing strategies B) determining promotions C) pinpointing employees skills D) identifying training and development needs E) providing feedback to employees 3) Which of the following is not a weakness of the 360-degree evaluation system? A) artificially inflated feedback from peers B) insufficient training for performance evaluators C) discrepancies between evaluating groups D) provides a wide performance perspective E) difficulties in reconciling differing evaluations 4) Performance evaluations are used to ________. A) improve group cohesiveness B) define departmental structure C) help management make HR decisions D) identify how jobs are completed E) decrease conformity within organizations 5) Which of the following is the least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate employees? A) traits B) task outcomes C) behaviors D) personality E) mood Part B: Discussion Questions 1) What are the three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance? The three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance are individual task outcomes, behaviors, and traits. a) If ends count, rather than means, then management should evaluate an employees task outcomes. In many cases, its difficult to identify specific outcomes that can be directly attributable to an employees actions. b) Its not unusual for management to evaluate the employees behavior. c) The weakest set of criteria, yet one that is widely used by organizations is individual traits. They are weaker because they are farthest removed from the actual performance of the job itself. 2) Who should perform employee evaluations? With many of todays organizations using self-managed teams, telecommuting, and other organizing devices that distance bosses from their employees, an employees immediate superior may not be the most reliable judge of that employees performance. Thus, in more and more cases, peers and even subordinates are being asked to participate in the performance evaluation process. Also, increasingly, employees are participating in their own performance evaluation. In most situations, in fact, it is highly advisable to use multiple sources of ratings. Any individual performance rating may say as much about the rater as about the person being evaluated. By averaging across raters, we can obtain a more reliable, unbiased, and accurate performance evaluation.