Philosophy of Educative Assessment Essay -- essays research papers

Philosophy of Assessment Assessment of students is a crucial part of their education. It is one thing to be able, with some degree of confidence, to say that 'Johnny knows x' but it is quite another to be able to say 'Sarah can x'. It is clear that assessment at its core is involved in the measuring of something and that if I expect students to reach above a certain level of 'something' then I must clearly communicate that to them. The backwards design that we are familiar with goes someway towards achieving this goal. The notion that we state at the outset our expectations for student learning and then design activities to achieve that stated goal appears to be common sense. However, the tendency for teachers to rely upon pre-existing testing materials and adjust their high expectations to either teach to the test or adopt a less ?radical? approach is tempting. I think that new teachers are so overwhelmed with the day to day business of running a classroom that assessment, perhaps the most vital and under examined area in education, takes a back seat pretty quickly. A frustrating aspect of modern education is the concept of differentiation. It is often presented in the sense that each student learns differently, has different strengths and weaknesses and accordingly should be afforded assessment opportunities that allow them the best chance of success. That approach is daunting to new teachers because the intimation is that individualized assessment is preferable and with one hundred and six students of different grade levels and their own relative areas of skill, individualized assessment appears too hard a challenge. I have begun to examine my own assessment with a view to finding ways to improve it and improve ... ...stances students find among themselves, the absolutes are the text and the definitions available in the Oxford English Dictionary. The variable of teacher interpretation is also reduced because the student uses evidence form the text to prove their assertions. In addition to which, I contend that the explication meets the criteria for an educative assessment in that it allows for the academic growth of the student as the result of the features of the passage that are illuminated. Students see different things in the same text and express their findings differently but the value of their findings is the measure to take. The goal of educative assessment appears to turn ?traditional? assessment on its ear. The notion that the assessment is teaching something is a challenge to many teachers, particularly teachers with a vested interest in producing test scores.

Resistance as the Byproduct of Separate Spheres :: Essays Papers

Resistance as the Byproduct of Separate Spheres The history of women in the United States is primarily a study of gender, the social construction of sexual difference, through time. The nineteenth century stands out as the period when the code of separate gender spheres emerged and yet, already, began to come into question. Social forces of economic and religious change sculpted gender into a dichotomy differentiated along roughly the same lines as (what we can now consider problematic) divisions between the private/public, emotional/rational, and consuming/producing. Men occupied the privileged side of each binary, relegating women, as a sex, to a gender built of a series of traits defined in opposition to masculine privilege. During this same century, the ideology of separate spheres was increasingly challenged at many levels by critiques and movements for equal rights, substantive justice, and particular ‘women’s issues’. Note first, that as gender is an issue of social construction, this construct can only be shared by particular groups who share social constructs and even then gender is understood in certain limited ways. To accommodate for this and avoid footnoting what may well be entirely distinct histories, I will only discuss the gender through time of Northern white women. For this constructed gender, the changes that brought the code of separate spheres, by changing the relationships of the domestic sphere, also brought the most fundamental challenges to the code, much more so than equal rights in the public sphere could or would accomplish. In order to determine what a fundamental challenge to the code of separate spheres would sound like, it is necessary to determine the nature of the code’s existence. Obviously, this code of spheres did not exist somewhere crawling about a forest floor, rather it was an ideological tenet of a particular society. This does not mean, however, that it was then understood as simply a belief of one group of people in one time and place. Instead it was seen as natural and permanent. As Justice Bradwell explained in a late nineteenth century case, â€Å"the civil law, as well as nature herself, has always recognized a wide difference in the respective spheres and destinies of man and woman† (Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wallace) 141 (1872)). Outside of the courtroom, Lydia Sigourney echoed this sentiment in a book targeted for women, exhorting them: â€Å"[c]onsider the sphere in which thou art placed, as the one in which God willeth thee to be† (Sigourney 109) .

Leading Group Challenges

The police officers arrest the offenders and charge the offender with the crime, and the court yester determines what sentence the offender should face, If the charges warrant a sentence. If the offender receives a sentence of Call or prison, the correctional faculties must guarantee the sentence occurs In a secure manner. Unfortunately, these criminal Justice agencies are not always working toward the same goals, which results in conflict. The leaders of the agencies must take care of the conflict before the conflict is out of hand.An example of the type of conflict that may arise is police officers wanting to remove the offenders off the streets. The court system may want o give the offenders a chance at rehabilitation instead of prison time, even if the offender is a repeat offender. Situations like this cause conflict for the leaders of the criminal Justice agencies to handle. The court system, correctional facilities, and police give up a considerable amount of control with the responsibilities. Leadership among criminal Justice agencies must consider the control with Justice (Collaborative Justice, 2012).Criminal Justice agencies must work together Instead of against each other to handle the challenges with conflict and control. The agencies must be on the name page and working toward the same goals. The ultimate goal Is to rehabilitate offenders but at times there will be an offender who is not a candidate for rehabilitation. The agencies must work together to find the best solution for the offender, society, and for the different agencies involved (Collaborative Justice, 2012).Political Challenges Criminal Justice agencies handle political and legal challenges that take place inside as well as outside the criminal justice system. Criminal justice decision makers are chosen through appointment or election. Depending on the state, the Judges are either voted in by the people or the governor appoints who he or she wants as a judge. No matter how a person l ooks at it, either way Is political. The president of the united States appoints the federal Judges, and he or she Is verified by the Senate. The political process strongly persuades the Supreme Court of the united States (Dulled, 2012).Keeping politics out of the various criminal Justice agencies Is a must. These agencies have a job to do, which cannot happen if the politics are in the way of people, with that, the politics must stop. The United States has too many corrupt officials because he or she allowed politics to get in the way of doing the Job. There are politics in the police, prosecution, and corrections. For good things to happen with these agencies in the future, these agencies need to separate the politics from the Job and purpose of the Job (Dueling, 2012).The Police and Politics Politics does not have a direct effect on the daily routines and decisions of police officers but politics does determine how the police officers act and react during patrol. Police departmen ts are run by some form of government, whether it is the city council, the mayor, the city manager, or the commissioner. These leaders make a change in the degree to which politics shape the police departments. Politics floods police departments in cities and towns that have a government that consists of a city council or a mayor making the decisions.Professional city managers make political involvement with the police departments less possible (Dueling, 2012). The Prosecution and Politics Political deliberations sway prosecutors in an exact way. Most states elect the prosecutors, and the prosecutors are caught up in the local politics. In the federal courts, the attorneys for the United States are appointed politically and are likely to outwork his or her career goals to the wants of his or her own political affiliation. The federal and state prosecutors frequently use his or her headquarters as a launch pad for a higher political office.Infrequently, a dishonest prosecutor will ta ke advantage of his or her power by way of engaging in political actions of pressing outrageous charges against his or her enemies (Law. ]rank. Org, 2012). Corrections and Politics Officials in the corrections facilities take political concerns into consideration. Politics can push release decisions from the parole board. The members of the parole board re vulnerable to pressure from the authority that chooses him or her. The members of the parole board almost unavoidably make the decisions to release an offender carefully.If a parolee commits a crime after he or she was paroled, the media will put the blame on the governor, and the rivals of the governor will use that against the governor in the next election (Dueling, 2012). Communication Challenges Communication is one of the biggest challenges facing leaders in criminal Just agencies. There are two communication barriers that affect communication within these agencies. The first barrier is the individual barriers. The individual barriers deal with how a person interprets what someone else says and the organizational barriers come from the culture of an organization.Each criminal Justice agency has one goal in mind, to protect the people. However, each agency has its own language of sorts when handling the tasks within the agency. The police departments, the court system, and corrections have different languages and not all agencies are familiar with each language. This is a challenge when the agencies must work together. This communication challenge also can be a problem for the public if the public does not know or understand what the agencies are discussing (Sinclair, 2012).Communication is vital to any agency, especially criminal Justice agencies. Every criminal Justice agency has a purpose to protect the people of the United States. Various agencies should hold a training session together to discuss the communication issues between the various agencies and train each agency on the different languages o f each agency. These agencies need to work together, which cannot happen if there is a lack in communication (Sinclair, 2012). Budget Challenges Budget cuts occur across the nation and criminal Justice agencies are not exempt room budget cuts.Most criminal Justice agencies rely on local and state funding to operate and sometimes the state or local officials have to make drastic cuts to the budget because of the economy. Unfortunately, this causes a reduction in staff because the money Just is not there to pay the salaries. Budget cuts are probably the biggest challenges that criminal Justice leaders face because no one wants a reduction in police officers or correctional officers. The United States needs every man power it can get to combat the war on crime.The crime rate rises when departments are forced to scale back because of the budget. Offenders on parole or probation receive less supervision because the money is not there to supervise adequately each offender. Budget cuts aff ect each agency differently, but no agency wants the budget to be cut because managers believe the public cannot be adequately protected (Bryant, 2012). Unfortunately, budget cuts happen to the criminal Justice agencies whether the agencies want it or not.Along with these budget cuts come a reduction in staff. That is a huge blow to law enforcement agencies hired to serve and protect the people of the United States. Criminal Justice agencies discuss and are given a budget after each fiscal year. The budget covers salaries, overtime, and various expenses for the department. The different departments must figure out ways to deal with budget cuts properly to ensure no reduction to the current staff. Sticking to the budget and using the budget for things necessary is important.Having an agency leader make drastic changes to the agency just because he or she wants to, is not a good way to spend the budget (Bryant, 2012). Effective Team Challenges Most criminal Justice agencies work toget her as teams inside the different agencies. Teams are assembled to brainstorm and complete the tasks. For example, law enforcement agencies have specific teams to work certain cases. These team members must be able to work with each other so the team can be effective to solve the cases. Criminal Justice managers do not always have team members who can work together.Sometimes there is conflict within the team and the manager has to come up with a resolution if he or she wants this team to succeed. The team members must be compatible with each other to be effective. The responsibility lies on the criminal Justice managers to assemble the effective and compatible teams for the departments. He or she is faced with a challenge when conflict arises within that am, and he or she must figure out a solution, whether the solution is to remove one member of that team or design new teams (Collaborative Justice, 2012).Affecting Change for the Future The leaders in criminal Justice agencies face many challenges that he or she must deal with daily. The criminal Justice agencies must work together as a team instead of against each other to make the changes and embrace the changes. The future criminal Justice leaders will be confronted with bigger and more complicated before. Even though the challenges will be more complicated and acknowledged at a ore rapidly rate, the abilities these leaders must conquer will not change. Leading Group Challenges The police officers arrest the offenders and charge the offender with the crime, and the court yester determines what sentence the offender should face, If the charges warrant a sentence. If the offender receives a sentence of Call or prison, the correctional faculties must guarantee the sentence occurs In a secure manner. Unfortunately, these criminal Justice agencies are not always working toward the same goals, which results in conflict. The leaders of the agencies must take care of the conflict before the conflict is out of hand.An example of the type of conflict that may arise is police officers wanting to remove the offenders off the streets. The court system may want o give the offenders a chance at rehabilitation instead of prison time, even if the offender is a repeat offender. Situations like this cause conflict for the leaders of the criminal Justice agencies to handle. The court system, correctional facilities, and police give up a considerable amount of control with the responsibilities. Leadership among criminal Justice agencies must consider the control with Justice (Collaborative Justice, 2012).Criminal Justice agencies must work together Instead of against each other to handle the challenges with conflict and control. The agencies must be on the name page and working toward the same goals. The ultimate goal Is to rehabilitate offenders but at times there will be an offender who is not a candidate for rehabilitation. The agencies must work together to find the best solution for the offender, society, and for the different agencies involved (Collaborative Justice, 2012).Political Challenges Criminal Justice agencies handle political and legal challenges that take place inside as well as outside the criminal justice system. Criminal justice decision makers are chosen through appointment or election. Depending on the state, the Judges are either voted in by the people or the governor appoints who he or she wants as a judge. No matter how a person l ooks at it, either way Is political. The president of the united States appoints the federal Judges, and he or she Is verified by the Senate. The political process strongly persuades the Supreme Court of the united States (Dulled, 2012).Keeping politics out of the various criminal Justice agencies Is a must. These agencies have a job to do, which cannot happen if the politics are in the way of people, with that, the politics must stop. The United States has too many corrupt officials because he or she allowed politics to get in the way of doing the Job. There are politics in the police, prosecution, and corrections. For good things to happen with these agencies in the future, these agencies need to separate the politics from the Job and purpose of the Job (Dueling, 2012).The Police and Politics Politics does not have a direct effect on the daily routines and decisions of police officers but politics does determine how the police officers act and react during patrol. Police departmen ts are run by some form of government, whether it is the city council, the mayor, the city manager, or the commissioner. These leaders make a change in the degree to which politics shape the police departments. Politics floods police departments in cities and towns that have a government that consists of a city council or a mayor making the decisions.Professional city managers make political involvement with the police departments less possible (Dueling, 2012). The Prosecution and Politics Political deliberations sway prosecutors in an exact way. Most states elect the prosecutors, and the prosecutors are caught up in the local politics. In the federal courts, the attorneys for the United States are appointed politically and are likely to outwork his or her career goals to the wants of his or her own political affiliation. The federal and state prosecutors frequently use his or her headquarters as a launch pad for a higher political office.Infrequently, a dishonest prosecutor will ta ke advantage of his or her power by way of engaging in political actions of pressing outrageous charges against his or her enemies (Law. ]rank. Org, 2012). Corrections and Politics Officials in the corrections facilities take political concerns into consideration. Politics can push release decisions from the parole board. The members of the parole board re vulnerable to pressure from the authority that chooses him or her. The members of the parole board almost unavoidably make the decisions to release an offender carefully.If a parolee commits a crime after he or she was paroled, the media will put the blame on the governor, and the rivals of the governor will use that against the governor in the next election (Dueling, 2012). Communication Challenges Communication is one of the biggest challenges facing leaders in criminal Just agencies. There are two communication barriers that affect communication within these agencies. The first barrier is the individual barriers. The individual barriers deal with how a person interprets what someone else says and the organizational barriers come from the culture of an organization.Each criminal Justice agency has one goal in mind, to protect the people. However, each agency has its own language of sorts when handling the tasks within the agency. The police departments, the court system, and corrections have different languages and not all agencies are familiar with each language. This is a challenge when the agencies must work together. This communication challenge also can be a problem for the public if the public does not know or understand what the agencies are discussing (Sinclair, 2012).Communication is vital to any agency, especially criminal Justice agencies. Every criminal Justice agency has a purpose to protect the people of the United States. Various agencies should hold a training session together to discuss the communication issues between the various agencies and train each agency on the different languages o f each agency. These agencies need to work together, which cannot happen if there is a lack in communication (Sinclair, 2012). Budget Challenges Budget cuts occur across the nation and criminal Justice agencies are not exempt room budget cuts.Most criminal Justice agencies rely on local and state funding to operate and sometimes the state or local officials have to make drastic cuts to the budget because of the economy. Unfortunately, this causes a reduction in staff because the money Just is not there to pay the salaries. Budget cuts are probably the biggest challenges that criminal Justice leaders face because no one wants a reduction in police officers or correctional officers. The United States needs every man power it can get to combat the war on crime.The crime rate rises when departments are forced to scale back because of the budget. Offenders on parole or probation receive less supervision because the money is not there to supervise adequately each offender. Budget cuts aff ect each agency differently, but no agency wants the budget to be cut because managers believe the public cannot be adequately protected (Bryant, 2012). Unfortunately, budget cuts happen to the criminal Justice agencies whether the agencies want it or not.Along with these budget cuts come a reduction in staff. That is a huge blow to law enforcement agencies hired to serve and protect the people of the United States. Criminal Justice agencies discuss and are given a budget after each fiscal year. The budget covers salaries, overtime, and various expenses for the department. The different departments must figure out ways to deal with budget cuts properly to ensure no reduction to the current staff. Sticking to the budget and using the budget for things necessary is important.Having an agency leader make drastic changes to the agency just because he or she wants to, is not a good way to spend the budget (Bryant, 2012). Effective Team Challenges Most criminal Justice agencies work toget her as teams inside the different agencies. Teams are assembled to brainstorm and complete the tasks. For example, law enforcement agencies have specific teams to work certain cases. These team members must be able to work with each other so the team can be effective to solve the cases. Criminal Justice managers do not always have team members who can work together.Sometimes there is conflict within the team and the manager has to come up with a resolution if he or she wants this team to succeed. The team members must be compatible with each other to be effective. The responsibility lies on the criminal Justice managers to assemble the effective and compatible teams for the departments. He or she is faced with a challenge when conflict arises within that am, and he or she must figure out a solution, whether the solution is to remove one member of that team or design new teams (Collaborative Justice, 2012).Affecting Change for the Future The leaders in criminal Justice agencies face many challenges that he or she must deal with daily. The criminal Justice agencies must work together as a team instead of against each other to make the changes and embrace the changes. The future criminal Justice leaders will be confronted with bigger and more complicated before. Even though the challenges will be more complicated and acknowledged at a ore rapidly rate, the abilities these leaders must conquer will not change.

Muslim Press During War1857

Muslim Press during the War of Independence of 1857 and Aftermath This disintegration of Mughal Empire started after the demise of the emperor aourangzeb, to which several causes are ascribed which are at present out of out study. Form journalistic point of viuew , we should have a glance to the independence war of 1857and its effects. The struggle for the feerdom of the county began long before 1875. Including the infidelity of the Hindus and infidelity of other sections of the native inhabitants of the sub-continent. However it was fully realized that armed struggle would be futile and that the situation demanded a long political and constitutional struggle for the coveted independence. The muslime of the sub-continent also realized the facts of being a minority in the sub-continent and being left alone to their fate by the major sections of the natives, especially the Hindus. The Hindus betrayed the muslims in the independence war of 1857 outrageously, rather joined hands with the British ruling clique in order to gain illegitimate advantages over the muslims, with the ulterior motive to avenge their slavery to the muslim rule for wver one thousand years. Hthe clear visualization of these facts and realization of their lost political, social, educational, economic and cultural supremacy resulted in the origin of two-nation theory which proved the way to the creation of Pakistan. The British government marked the former rulers of Delhi as their rivals. The failure of the struggle resulted in degeneration of the Islamic society in India, politically, socially , economically and culturally. Even before the decline of the political authority of the Mughals, the decay of Indian Muslims set in. Economically not only the upper class of the muslims that suffered under the new conditions, the peasants and the weavers forming the lower class or order of Muslim society were also badly affected. The change of government and the colonial and imperialist oppressive policies effected especially the muslim society, as they were the rulers before the East India. Company. At that stage, there was a revival of Hindu feeling of antagonism against the muslim coincident with the gradual weakening of the Mughal empire. The Hindus found greater relief with the advent of the British on Indian political stage. That is why most of the important families of the Hindu society sided directly or indirectly with the English. Even long before the independence war of 1857, the Hindus enjoyed the cooperation in the field of commerce with the East India Company. After the failure of the great struggle, the muslims of the sub-continent were politically, socially, culturally, economically crushed, and they became dormant after the shock of their defeat and demoralization On the other hand the Hindus were lavished all the opporitunities of business, commerce and employments. But is should be understood that the press at that stage was u buts infancy and was very feeble to influence the general public. It was next to impossibility that the native press with its total circulation of little more than five thousand could influence that whole sub-continent. After the struggle was over the newspapers especially owned by the Muslim were represses and disappeared from the scene, immediately after the 1857 independence war was over. During the war of independence the press just sided with the cause of the freedom-fighters. The launched strenuous efforts to boost up the morale of the people, by proving the cause of the struggle as just and justified. It published the progress if the war constantly and kept. The people in touch with the latest developments. The press though feeble it was raised criticisms against. The oppressive policies and atrocities of the British. In this struggle, â€Å"Delhi Urdu Akbar† â€Å"Khulasat-ul-Akbar and Sadiq-ul-Akbar actively took part in advancing and justifying the cause of the freedom fighters. They criticized the oppressive polices of the britishers. They amply gave space to the reporting of news and editorial on the subject. There polices, writing and editorials caused alarm among the British ruling party. Muslim press’s point of view the Muslim press raised their voice against the high oppressiveness meted out to the Muslims specially. The press quoted examples of atrocities the innocent Muslims, with glaring examples of objectives obliterate the Muslims their institutions their traditions and culture. On the other hand the Anglo-Indian press issued highly provocative statements in the form of the editorials and columns the overly incit3d their co-patriots to avenge the English murders and even delved into ethnic ribaldry, by freely lavishing abuses on the natives. The Anglo- Indian press accused the native press of gaining its selfish ends and fostering sedition and racial and religious animosities. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Journalist. A Part from the freedom of the individual Islam has emphasized the free expression of ideas more than any other religion. It was due to the force of junctures of their history. The truth of Islamic massages provided them hope and courage in all stages of human disappo9ntment, one such difficult hour in Muslim history was the aftermath of the war of freedom in 185. Its disastrous consequences drove the Muslims into total alienation depression an degradation . but the forceful massage of Islam. Apart from the exhortations of mystics, religious scholars. And such enlightened philosophers as Syed Ahmad Khan them from total collapse. The trauma of 1857 left the Muslims of the sub-continent paralyzed socially, economically and politically. Apart from the untiring efforts put up by such Muslim luminaries as Sir Syed the Muslims press also played major role in bringing the ship of Muslim destiny ashore. Sir Sayyid not only wanted to unite the Muslims to become an effective social and political force but he also wanted to equip them with education necessary to fight a political battle of their rights in future. It was for this purpose that he opened a college which acquired the statues of a university later at Aligarh. A class of conscientious Muslim leader rose up to face the situation. It was decidedly the British imperialism which had firmly clutched the sub-consent in her iron hands, against which only political and constitutional warfare was feasible. It was the Muslims who were chagrined and disappointed where for the Hindus as usually successfully contrived with the ruling party in order to again their end nefarious objectives to wreak vengeance on the Muslims their pas masters and rulers. The Britisher applied their full force and polices to crush down the of the Muslim and the past rulers form whom they snatched power and grabbed land treacherously. The British rulers were fully aware of the philosophy of â€Å"Jehad† a basic tent in Islamic teaching and dearly cherished by the Muslims. There appeared a very wide gap between the Muslims and the government; and there was no one to bridge the gap. Objectives: Sir Sayyid Ahmad khan was the person who actually laid the foundations of the press as an institution of society. He launched and sponsored† Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq† and a bilingual â€Å"scientific society Magazine† with the role a motive to teach to deliver a message and to preach . the objectives can be summarized as below. The main objective was to usher in a cultural revolution gradually in muslin Society. Secondly it was intended to re-introduce complete thinking of age-old concepts unrelated to the real spirit of Islam. By the periodicals it wais intended to interdicted journalism –cum- literature with the implicit objective to present Islam in a rational and scientific perspective and foundations , shredding away the superstitions and futile traditions and convections which have penetrated in the fold of Islamic injunctions due to age-long mingling with the Hinduism. It was intended to the Muslims to the modern thinking and modern technology , civilization and allied progressive trends as witnessed in Europe. It was intended to urge the people to wake up from their good for nothing life which shrouded them in complete darkness and ignorance and carelessness. It was prescribed to urge and mould the Muslims to learn modern sciences. These periodicals were floated to assist the Muslims to be conscious of their glorious past of Islam. The main streams of positive thinking and development on sound footings. It was positively implied to introduce a gradual but health transformation of life in accordance with the teachings of Islam. The paper and the magazines by Sir Sayyid Ahmad khan were full- fledged program of introducing a comprehensive plan for social cultural literary and educational uplift. And renaissance of muslin society in the sub-continent which has fallen in the abysmal depth of ignominy. Risala-i-Baghawat-i-Hind (The Cause Indian Revolt):- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in his above edited risala to bridge the ever increasing gap between the rulers and the Muslims and tried to allay the weight of responsibility of the alleged mutiny which was true cause of the so-called mutiny which was not a sudden phenomena but a general accumulation of differences and grievances for the last so many years. As such the contributory factors leading to the revolt war, according to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan are the following;- The so –called munity was caused due to several wrong- doing, frustrations against the ruled. People had lost all faith in the British Rulers. From the activates of the Christian missionaries in the sub continent, the people rightly believed that the alien government was bound to meddle into the religious affairs of the people. Economically the people ascribed their ruination to the money lending classes besides rates of revenue assessments. It not only reduced them to extreme impoverishment but also shaker their allegiance and faith to the British. With the introduction of new administrative setup and structure in the sub continent besides dissolution of native durbars and disbandment of the princely armies: all factors joined together in giving rise to a widespread unemployment in the whole of the sub-continent. The British made manufactures first throttled the indigenous industri3s due to their low cost of production and choked the industries in the sub continent. The policy first accelerated the unemployment. Second Phase Of Muslim Press: In the face of Hindu prejudice and the pressure of newly emerging social and political realities, the all-India Muslim league was established on December 30, 1906. Nawab Viqar –ul-Mulk, Nawab Samiullah , of Daca, and Mazhar-ul –Haq were some of the prominent Muslim leaders who played a significant part in the formation of a Muslim political organization . which could effectively voice the grievances and demand of the Muslim community and struggle for their rectification or realization, Maulana Muhammad ali, who was also present at this session, was one of the leading daftman of the league constriction . uring the later decades, Maulana Muhammad Ali along with his brother , Maulana Shaukat ali waged a relentless struggles for the rights of the Muslims Maulana Muhammad ali’s comrade along with a few other Muslim publication became the preventative voice of Muslim interests in India . Maulana Muhammad ali , Muolana Zafar Ali khan and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad were a trio of Muslim newsmen and struggle for freedom . Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Zafar Ali khan became the advocate of a two nation theory. While Maulana azad Joind hands with the Indian national congress. Oudh Punch :- Appeared in January 12,1857 in activities of the worshippers of new light . it somehow became the organ of public opinion and user to write against the British policies harmful for the people of India . it opposed all such measures. Dawn And star India : As the urgency of bringing out a daily English newspaper form Delhi became more poignant, the Quaid desired that â€Å"the star of India â€Å"Calcutta should be shifted to Dehli but should continue its circulation there to as an evening newspaper. After detailed exchange of news between MR M. A. H isphanci and the Quaid it was deiced that weekly Dawn should be converted into a daily and the star should continue its publication from its parent place . The selection of and editor posed some problems. With the exception of Berelvi of the Bombay Chronle. A Hindu owned daily and Abdur Rahman Siddiqi of the Morning Newz Calcutta there was no first class Muslim editor of and English daily. finanyl than postman Joseph was persuaded into accepting the editorship and daily dawn became a really in 1942.

Marketing Plan Skylarknet a Wireless Essay

Wireless mesh networking is the latest tech in this field. Internet pro Wireless networks provide unprecedented freedom and mobility for a growing number of laptop and PDA users who no longer need wires to stay connected with their workplace and the Internet. Ironically, the very devices that provide wireless service to these clients need lots of wiring themselves to connect to private networks and the Internet. This wiring is expensive to install and change, and deployment must be carefully planned and timed to minimize disruption to normal business operations. Permits or permissions may be required, and then there are the laborious tasks of pulling, terminating and testing the copper wiring or fiber optic cabling. With all the work involved, it should not be surprising that wiring can be the most expensive part of a â€Å"wireless† network! Indeed, the many obstacles associated with wiring are now preventing or delaying the deployment of wireless applications that could deliver a real competitive advantage or a high return on investment—or both. This marketing plan provides an overview of implementing Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) service for the first time in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. Wireless Mesh Network is an exciting new technology which has tremendous potential especially for a developing country like Bangladesh. Quite a few African countries are already benefiting from this novel technology. Supported by the growing buying power, a number of desktop and laptop users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh are badly in need of high quality internet service. In the world of internet the best suitable option stands for the suburban areas is the wireless technology. We plan to act as a service and equipment provider for the local ISP dealers and some institutional market such as university campus, NGO, hospitals and nursing home etc. As we are the pioneer of this new technology we conducted an insightful analysis of the competitor’s position and their offerings. The marketing plan starts with the situational analysis of the current market. External and internal factor analysis (SWOT analysis) provides a clear picture of current scenario. Grameen Phone, Qubee, Banglalion, ZoomUltra are our main competitors. But the cost of their offering is much higher than ours. Because there lies a higher establishment cost. Eliminating wires dramatically reduces the implementation costs, and substantially simplifies on-going operations. Without wires, the network becomes far more adaptable and flexible. That’s why we focus on the cost effectiveness and performance of the WMN service. We identify our company as a market challenger and set some strategies suitable for the challengers. Some pilot projects are planned to create the awareness among target customers. Based on these projects success further promotional and pricing strategies are set. In the later part of the report the feasibility of this marketing plan is justified by the financial analysis. Expense and sales are forecasted for the next three years followed by a break-even analysis. Overall monitoring and contingency plan (in the case of failure) completes the total planning for our company. Introduction In this world of modern technology, most people prefer not to connect computers with Ethernet cables because excessive cables scattered throughout their office or home is unsightly. One can choose to install a wireless network to avoid excessive cabling. For a wireless network, there is no need to use Ethernet cables to connect your computers to the DSL or router. Moreover, WLANs are available anywhere in the world at an affordable cost. In the suburban and rural areas Wireless tech suits best. Wireless mesh networking is the newest tech in wireless field. Our objective is to identify the potential suburban customers of Bangladesh who can afford a cost-effective internet service. Origin of the Study This report has been prepared a requirement to fulfill the course. This report evaluates the business opportunity of latest wireless mesh network technology in the suburban areas of Bangladesh from service provider point of view. Objective of the Study The primary objective of this report is to fulfill the course requirement of â€Å"Marketing Management†. The secondary objective is to describe a detail marketing plan for a new technology. Limitation of the Study There is no authentic statistics about the potential number of internet users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. As this is a new technology, the costs of the equipments vary depending on the different manufacturers. We are making a new entry, so the estimation of potential market is based on the secondary data of other existing competitors rather than the primary data. Sales and expense is forecasted on the discretion of our part that may vary widely in real case implementation. Unavailability of previous year’s financial report necessitates greater recourse to mere guessing in some cases. Situational Analysis What is WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)? Mesh networks represent an emerging wireless networking technology that promises wider coverage than traditional wireless LANs and lower deployment and operation costs than 3G cellular networks. For these reasons, network operators and service providers consider mesh networking to be a serious candidate to solve the so called last mile problem. Some network operators worldwide have already started to deploy mesh based access networks offering nearly ubiquitous and inexpensive wireless Internet connections to their customers. Examples are Ozone’s mesh network in Paris (www. zone. net/en/) and The Cloud in the City of London (www. thecloud. net). The real business potential lies in operator based mesh networks. By their systematic design, deployment, and maintenance, operator based mesh networks provide higher levels of Quality-of-Service (QoS), meaning larger coverage, higher speed, and more reliable operation. In addition, it can be argued that mesh network operators in a give n geographical area will cooperate in order to further optimize their costs and increase the QoS provided by their networks. The form of the cooperation can range from traditional roaming agreements to joint provision of specific services. Figure 1: Wireless Mesh Network Strategic planning is important because in well-run companies the goal from the very top of the organization down to where one is working should form a more-or-less unbroken chain (or â€Å"hierarchy†) of goals. At the top of the company the president and his or her staff set strategic goals. These goals should flow from top and make sense in terms of the goals at the next level up. Then the vice presidents’ subordinates set their own goals, and so on down the line. In this way, management creates a hierarchy or chain of departmental goals, from the top down the lowest-ranked managers, and even employees. Then , if everyone does his or her job-if each salesperson sells his her quota, and the sales manager hires enough good salespeople, and the HR manager creates the right incentive plan, and the purchasing head buysand CEO should also accomplish the overall, company-wide strategic goals. One could therefore say with great certainty that without a clear plan at the top, no one in the company would have the foggiest notion of what to do. Wireless Internet Market in Bangladesh Wireless Internet Service was first introduced to Bangladesh in public by cell phone giant Grameen Phone. Then other GSM mobile phone operators like Banglalink, Aktel and Warid follow suit. Citycell, the only CDMA based mobile phone operator in Bangladesh introduced the Zoom internet service, which was a little different from the other mobile phone operators in that consumers could connect to internet by using a USB modem included in the Zoom package. Later on Grameen Phone also introduced a package where they include an USB modem.

Communication and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Communication and Language - Essay Example He will now look at and reach rather than grasp an object as an adult presents it. He has also become more willing to perform familiar actions on an object without mouthing it but using his hands to hold and manipulate objects for longer. He has also shown greater attention to where objects move to or from during the activity. This has been particularly noticeable during our greeting sessions. At the beginning of September he needed adult coactive support to tap a drum to say ‘hello’, as he has become more familiar with activity where he begun to use both hands to tap a drum with adult verbal encouragement. Now he will reach instruments spontaneously to say ‘hello’ as adult moves around the circle asking ‘who want to say hello first’. He is also able to indicate if he wants to continue the tapping action or he finished saying ‘hello’ by clapping his hands to indicate more or pushing the drum away. He finds it amusing if an adult cop ies his simple drumming actions, responds with a smile, and listens to it. Interacting Pupil's progress Charlie has been working towards developing his interaction and playing skills with adult and peers. Charlie has made steady progress with developing his communication, social, and interactive skills with class staff and peers as the year has progressed. He has shown an increasing interest in trying to influence the adult actions during self-occupation time to get what he wants or during group session as mentioned above and one-to-one sessions such as interactive games focusing on communication, taking turns, interacting and responding to adult partner. For example, simple hand clapping games that requires him to form quick thinking, cooperation, and reaction to a game like clapping one's own hands, clapping both hands of a partner, and clapping one hand of a partner, generally across such as the right hand of each player at an appropriate junction.   During self-occupation time , he will move in the direction of the plasma screen and make brief eye contact with an adult to let them know what he wants. If the adult ignores his communication, he will walk around the plasma screen, look behind the speakers, turn on a socket plague and manipulate a key to open the box with laptop attached to the screen. During leisure time, when approached by an adult and asked, â€Å"what you want Charlie?† he will hold his hand and guide him in the direction of the plasma screen or balcony / class door to watch his friends playing or to go for a walk. He is now learning to transfer these learnt skills to class activities. Last year, Charlie preferred contact with adults to that with peers, but this year he has been starting to pay more attention to his class friends if he is engaged in a simple game with them or when they are exploring interesting things. For example, he will pay attention to an interesting object controlled by another pupil, and will come to him or h er, reach for the item and explore it for brief moment before giving it back to his peer. This term, Charlie has developed a friendship with two girls in class Huma and Aiashah. He responded with interest to social overtures from them and used some actions to prolong interaction with them. For example, he will sneeze on purpose to make Aaishah laugh or will allow her to hold his hand and move them in the rhythm of ‘

Baker v. Carr (1962). The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essay

Baker v. Carr (1962). The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Essay Example xamines the underlying causes that preceded this historically important case that sought to ‘even the playing field’ for all citizens and review the immediate and enduring effects of the decision. Charles Baker, a Republican County Judge from Tennessee who resided in that state’s largest city, Memphis, along with a long list of plaintiffs, mostly from urban areas, including the mayor of Nashville, brought a complaint to the U.S. Federal Court in Tennessee in 1959 that would forever alter the way all states apportion their voting districts. Though Baker was not the lone complainant, his name appears on the case because it was, by virtue of the alphabet, at the top of the list. Baker, et al. sued the Secretary of State of Tennessee Joe C. Carr, whose responsibilities included supervising the election process and enforcing the redistricting regulations in that state (Baker v. Carr, 1962). The issue and resolution went far beyond these two individuals for whom the case is known. Baker accurately alleged that the State of Tennessee had not drawn new redistricting borders in 60 years (since 1900) which was in violation of the Tennessee Constitution which mandated that new voting districts be drawn every 10 years. Redistricting following each ten-year census results, as the Founders intended, is done so as to better reflect population growth and decline in different areas of the state and assures fair and more equal government representation. The concern of the plaintiffs was that although more people now lived in cities rather than rural areas as was the case in 1900, the Tennessee legislature was still dominated by the rural population. â€Å"Baker lived in a district whose population had grown larger than some neighboring districts and by the time of the lawsuit, Shelby County, where Memphis is located, had 10 times the population as some of the rural districts of Tennessee. Thus he claimed that Memphis was underrepresented† (Krakow, 2006). Baker, et al.